Integrating Airborne Laser Scanning and 3D Ground-Penetrating Radar for the Investigation of Protohistoric Structures in Croatian Istria

Bernardini, Federico; Vinci, G.; Forte, Emanuele; Mocnik, Arianna; Višnjić, Josip; Pipan, M.

doi:10.3390/app11178166

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The (x, y, z) represents the spatial coordinates of the sampling points of the GPR image, and the attribute information Q denotes the instantaneous amplitude value of the sampling points, which is determined by the characteristics of subsurface materials or buried objects. The attribute information of the GPR data can be transformed into RGB color information by Equation (12), which is the same as the TLS color point cloud.…”

Section: Coordinate Transformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, the integration of TLS and GPR has been gradually used in cultural heritage protection [ 9 , 12 , 17 , 19 , 25 , 26 ], urban infrastructure detection [ 27 , 28 , 29 ], bridge structure assessment [ 8 , 30 , 31 , 32 ], geology investigations [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ], glacier detection [ 37 ], and other applications. Spahic et al [ 38 ] rebuilt a 3D model of fault outcrop in the Gocad v2009 software using T-LiDAR point clouds and GPR images.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast with traditional methods, TLS is generally used to acquire detailed spatial information for reconstructing 3D realistic models because it offers high-resolution dense point clouds with highly automated and non-contacted operation in a short time, such as in the geosciences [1][2][3][4], architecture [5][6][7], archaeology [8,9], agriculture and forestry [10], engineering, and construction industries [11,12]. This technique generalizes dense point clouds with the position information, reflection intensity, and color information that is used for the visualization and quantitative analysis of 3D realistic models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multisensor and Multiscale Data Integration Method of TLS and GPR for Three-Dimensional Detailed Virtual Reconstruction

Zhang,

Jia,

Ren

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Integrated TLS and GPR data can provide multisensor and multiscale spatial data for the comprehensive identification and analysis of surficial and subsurface information, but a reliable systematic methodology associated with data integration of TLS and GPR is still scarce. The aim of this research is to develop a methodology for the data integration of TLS and GPR for detailed, three-dimensional (3D) virtual reconstruction. GPR data and high-precision geographical coordinates at the centimeter level were simultaneously gathered using the GPR system and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signal receiver. A time synchronization algorithm was proposed to combine each trace of the GPR data with its position information. In view of the improved propagation model of electromagnetic waves, the GPR data were transformed into dense point clouds in the geodetic coordinate system. Finally, the TLS-based and GPR-derived point clouds were merged into a single point cloud dataset using coordinate transformation. In addition, TLS and GPR (250 MHz and 500 MHz antenna) surveys were conducted in the Litang fault to assess the feasibility and overall accuracy of the proposed methodology. The 3D realistic surface and subsurface geometry of the fault scarp were displayed using the integration data of TLS and GPR. A total of 40 common points between the TLS-based and GPR-derived point clouds were implemented to assess the data fusion accuracy. The difference values in the x and y directions were relatively stable within 2 cm, while the difference values in the z direction had an abrupt fluctuation and the maximum values could be up to 5 cm. The standard deviations (STD) of the common points between the TLS-based and GPR-derived point clouds were 0.9 cm, 0.8 cm, and 2.9 cm. Based on the difference values and the STD in the x, y, and z directions, the field experimental results demonstrate that the GPR-derived point clouds exhibit good consistency with the TLS-based point clouds. Furthermore, this study offers a good future prospect for the integration method of TLS and GPR for comprehensive interpretation and analysis of the surficial and subsurface information in many fields, such as archaeology, urban infrastructure detection, geological investigation, and other fields.

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Section: Coordinate Transformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multisensor and Multiscale Data Integration Method of TLS and GPR for Three-Dimensional Detailed Virtual Reconstruction

Zhang,

Jia,

Ren

et al. 2023

Sensors

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LiDAR Applications in Archaeology: A Systematic Review

Vinci,

Vanzani,

Fontana

et al. 2024

Archaeological Prospection

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In the last two decades, the analysis of data derived from LiDAR (light detection and ranging) technology has dramatically changed the investigation and documentation of past cultural landscapes, sometimes revealing monumental architectures and settlement systems totally unknown before. Despite the exponential uptick of case studies, an extensive review of LiDAR applications in archaeology is so far missing. Here, we present a systematic survey of works published in international journals in 2001–2022, with the aim of providing an annotated bibliography on the theme and collect quantitative information about each case study. Data collected allowed to analyse the geographic distribution of LiDAR‐based studies, the specifics of acquisitions, the topography and vegetation cover of each study area, the characteristics of the material culture detected, major goals and integrated techniques. The survey considers 291 studies, of which 167 located in Europe, 104 in the Americas and only 20 between Asia, Middle East, Oceania and Africa. Our analysis shows that the impact of LiDAR in archaeological studies was greater in some areas of Europe and North America, where scholars could rely on the availability of open data provided by the institutions. This is testified by the higher number of both case studies and large‐scale projects investigating these regions. It also emerges that LiDAR potential largely depends on the characteristics of the material culture, the vegetation cover and data resolution. These factors underlie the outstanding results achieved through LiDAR in tropical rainforests compared to those obtained in temperate areas, such as the Mediterranean, where the outcropping archaeological evidence, albeit vast and widespread, is generally less preserved and obscured by the dense vegetation of the Mediterranean maquis. We conclude that the increasing availability of LiDAR data over vast areas could lead to enormous advances in the investigation, monitoring and protection of the cultural heritage.

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Characterization of Stronghold Fortifications by 2D/3D/4D Electrical Resistivity Tomography: Major Push Towards Quantitative Interpretation

Klanica,

Štefan,

Hasil

et al. 2024

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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Geophysical methods are widely used as noninvasive tools for archaeological prospection. In a first step is usually applied basic prospection of vast areas, when data are evaluated only in qualitative way. Sometimes is performed second step, during which take place more detailed multidimensional or combined surveys in order to image archeological monuments complexly, allowing quantitative interpretation. Hence, we used a unique and novel combination of multidimensional electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) on the Early Middle Ages stronghold fortifications at Vinoř (Czechia) to achieve such interpretation. The joint results of 2D/3D/4D (time-lapse) surveys allowed us to precisely characterize individual construction components of the fortifications, including a ditch and rampart enhanced by a front wall with a berm. The ERT results recovered the fortification dimensions and the volume of building material used. The surveyed fortification section was verified by excavations directly after the ERT measurements. A comparison of the excavated section with geophysics proved that ERT was able to infer all the important fortification characteristics. In addition, illustrative picture of the resistivity manifestations of the basic components of this very typical fortification construction were obtained. The results show that multidimensional ERT provide access to quantitative interpretation allowing to explain archaeological structures behind investigated anomalies. In result, sites containing cultural heritage can be leaved intact, excavations can be substituted in surprisingly large extent, while unprecedented amount of archaeological information is still retrieved.

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Integrating Airborne Laser Scanning and 3D Ground-Penetrating Radar for the Investigation of Protohistoric Structures in Croatian Istria

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Multisensor and Multiscale Data Integration Method of TLS and GPR for Three-Dimensional Detailed Virtual Reconstruction

Multisensor and Multiscale Data Integration Method of TLS and GPR for Three-Dimensional Detailed Virtual Reconstruction

LiDAR Applications in Archaeology: A Systematic Review

Characterization of Stronghold Fortifications by 2D/3D/4D Electrical Resistivity Tomography: Major Push Towards Quantitative Interpretation

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