“…As ARS allow students to participate easily, they are mostly used to engage students (Gauci, Dantas, Williams, & Kemm, 2009;Kay & Knaack, 2009) during lectures. They can also be used for other purposes in a classroom such as: a) real time feedback (Cain & Robinson, 2008); b) a pretest for a forthcoming lecture; c) formative and summative assessment (Ghosh & Renna, 2006); d) a simple opinion survey (Solecki, Cornelius, Draper, & Fisher, 2010); e) peer assessment (Caldwell, 2007;Wait et al, 2009); and f) increasing students' motivation (Doucet, Vrins, & Harvey, 2009). Generally, ARS use makes the classroom environment more student-centered, knowledge-centered, assessment-centered, and community-centered (Roschelle, Penuel, & Abrahamson, 2004).…”