Integrating Electric Vehicles to Achieve Sustainable Energy as a Service Business Model in Smart Cities

Abstract

The digitalization of the power grid to smart grid provides value added services to the prosumers and other stakeholders involved in the energy market, and possibly disrupts existing electricity services in smart cities. The use of Electric Vehicles (EVs) do not only challenge the sustainability of the smart grid but also promote and stimulate its upgrading. Undeniably, EVs can actively promote the development of the smart grid via two-way communications by deploying Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V). EVs have environmental benefits as compared to hybrids or even internal combustion engine vehicle as they can help minimize noise levels, pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. The integration of EVs could bring substantial changes for the society not only in providing transportation services but also shifting economies from petroleum and reducing the carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from the transportation sector. Therefore, this study employs secondary data from the literature to explore how EVs can achieve sustainable energy as a service business model in smart cities. Findings from this study suggest that EVs are major assets for a sustainable energy future as EV batteries offers an untapped opportunity to store electricity from renewable energy sources. Implications from this study discusses the issues and recommendations for EVs integration in smart cities.

Developing green urban mobility policies for sustainable public transportation in local communities: a Norwegian perspective

“…Satisfying the mobility expectations and requirements for people, services and goods is needed for the liveliness of local communities, and a properly functioning public transportation system is important for citizens quality of life (Oleśków-Szłapka et al , 2020). Nevertheless, the acceleration of digital transformation is instantly changing urban mobility much faster than previous years (Oleśków-Szłapka et al , 2020; Anthony, 2021a, 2021b). However, there is significant uncertainty regarding how digital technologies using data will be used to promote green urban mobility in local communities and regions.…”

“…Public transportation in regional and local communities is becoming one of the main contributors of GHG emissions (Curiel-Esparza et al, 2016;Anthony, 2021aAnthony, , 2021b. In 2017, a total of 27% of total EU-28 GHG emissions were produced from the transportation sector, excluding 22% of maritime and international aviation emissions.…”

Energy-as-a-service: A new business model for the built environment?

“…Arteaga, Zareipour [25] reviewed EaaS centred in optimal storage and demand-side management from the system operator point of view. Anthony [26] proposed EaaS BM for electric vehicle (EV) integration in a smart city with actors such as prosumers (EV), distribution system operators, e-mobility service providers. Venkatraman, Thatte [27] studied EaaS and proposed a rate structure where the implementation of grid-edge DER technologies is aligned with the interest of all stakeholders involved in the electricity ecosystem.…”

Review of Peak Shaving Features of the Power Box

“…By providing energy storage and developing new revenue streams from EV batteries, integrating EVs in smart cities can provide sustainable energy system and reduce unhealthy emissions. [ 20 ] Smart cities are cities where the citizens can assemble securely, manage, and transmit data involved in all aspects of their everyday lives in a secure and ubiquitous manner. However, large‐scale EVs charging sometimes may give negative effect to the distribution network, especially if it occurs during high power demand time, especially in smart cities.…”