Integrating microclimatic variation in phenological responses to climate change: A 28‐year study in a hibernating mammal

Abstract

Phenological shifts associated with directional changes in climate, resulting in earlier spring activities, have been documented in several animal species. However, the extent to which species respond to overall climate change versus local climate variation is rarely studied. In addition, climate data are usually averaged over large spatial scales, even though local heterogeneity in habitats may be high, and species might be more susceptible to changes in local rather than global climate conditions. In this study, we examined the effects of spatiotemporal climate variation and climate change on the phenology of a hibernating mountain rodent, the Columbian ground squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus). Over 28 years of research (1992–2019), we studied the relationship between the microclimatic conditions experienced by adult and juvenile ground squirrels from four neighboring meadows, and their dates of emergence from hibernation. We used a microclimate model to calculate microclimate variables (local snow depth, soil temperature, air temperature, wind speed, and humidity) at an hourly scale, a 5‐m spatial resolution, and at animal height on the study sites over 28 years. Emergence dates varied with age and sex, among years, as well as among and within meadows, with some areas averaging up to 10 days earlier emergence dates from hibernation than others. While emergence dates tended to be delayed throughout the study period, long‐term temporal changes and interannual variability in emergence dates differed among meadows and depended on individual age and sex. Dates of hibernation emergence were correlated with local climate variables considered either during hibernation or during the preceding summer. Ground squirrels emerged earlier in years or at locations when/where snow melted earlier (years: all individuals excluding 2‐year‐old males, locations: yearlings and older females), and when the previous summer was less windy (≥3‐year‐old individuals) and more humid (2‐year‐old males). Two‐year‐old male ground squirrels also emerged later in locations where snow depth during winter was higher. Using a microclimate model allowed realistic predictions of phenological responses to climate, highlighting its potential for research on animal responses to abiotic change.

Why hibernate? Tests of four hypotheses to explain intraspecific variation in hibernation phenology

“…Although body condition explained most of the intraspecific variation in hibernation immergence timing in northern Idaho ground squirrels, we found some support for the thermal tolerance and food limitation hypotheses in regard to emergence timing. Both the negative effect of acute temperature and positive effect of snowmelt date on emergence date in the spring after squirrels were collared corroborate many past studies of temperate zone hibernators (Goldberg & Conway, 2021;Kucheravy et al, 2021;Lane et al, 2012;Meyer et al, 2016;Michener, 1977;Murie & Harris, 1982;Pigeon et al, 2016;Sheriff et al, 2011;Tamian et al, 2022;Turbill & Prior, 2016;Williams et al, 2017), suggesting the most common hypotheses invoked to explain variation in hibernation behaviour-thermal tolerance and food limitation-do influence hibernation phenology, though less so than predation and sexual selection in our system. Additionally, expected peak NDVI at a given study site-a measure of future forage availability-negatively affected hibernation emergence date and duration.…”

Living on the edge: forest edge effects on microclimate and terrestrial mammal activity in disturbed lowland forest in Sumatra, Indonesia

“…Microclimate variations (i.e. sub-annual variations with spatial scales < 1 km 2 ) are important drivers of mammal distributions, behaviour and phenology (McCain & King, 2014; Buckley et al, 2018; Tamian et al, 2022). The inclusion of microclimate variables in species distribution models has improved their performance for several mammal species (e.g.…”

“…The inclusion of microclimate variables in species distribution models has improved their performance for several mammal species (e.g. McCain & King, 2014; Varner & Dearing, 2014; Mathewson et al, 2020; Tamian et al, 2022), but the influence of microclimate on mammal habitat choice in tropical forests has not yet been tested.…”

Weathering the storm: Decreased activity and glucocorticoid levels in response to inclement weather in breeding Columbian ground squirrels

“…We tested whether the observed events could be characterized as 'extreme' from a climatological perspective, compared to the past climate in the study area. To access past and long-term local weather conditions, we used the Kearney et al (2020) (Kearney et al, 2020;Lembrechts and Lenoir, 2020;Maclean, 2020;Saleeba et al, 2020;Tamian et al, 2022). We estimated hourly climate conditions at 4 different points on meadow B, estimating the snowfalls and snow depth on the ground (in centimeters).…”