Integrating mindfulness into the extended process model of emotion regulation: The dual-mode model of mindful emotion regulation.

Abstract

Extensive research has been conducted regarding how people manage their emotions. Within this research, there has been growing attention toward the role of mindfulness in emotion regulation. While prior reviews have discussed mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation, they have not provided a thorough integration using the prevailing models of emotion regulation or mindfulness. The present review discusses the Extended Process Model of Emotion Regulation and Monitoring and Acceptance Theory of mindfulness in order to propose a novel integrated framework, the Dual-mode Model of Mindful Emotion Regulation (D-MER). This model proposes two "modes" of mindfulness: Implementation and facilitation. Implementation posits that mindfulness skills can be used as emotion regulation strategies through attentional deployment and cognitive change. Facilitation posits that mindfulness as a state or trait affects emotion generation and regulation through effects on cognitive processes and positive or negative valence systems. Further, the D-MER posits that mindfulness experience can improve the efficiency of mindfulness-based emotion regulation strategies (implementation) while effects of mindfulness on emotion regulation processes become increasingly trait-like and automatic over time (facilitation). Empirical and theoretical support for this model are discussed, specific hypotheses to guide further research are provided, and clinical implications are presented. Use of this model may identify mechanisms underlying the interaction between mindfulness and emotion regulation which can be used in ongoing affective and clinical research.

Day-to-day associations between mindfulness and perceived stress: insights from random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling

“…One may argue that mindfulness more or less discourages options one to four and mainly focuses on option five, response modulation [cognitive change plays an important role in mindfulness as well, but likely is only an indirect consequence of an accepting and non-judgmental attitude rather than an explicit goal for most mindfulness practices; for a recent account on how mindfulness may affect emotion regulation, or may be considered an emotion-regulation strategy itself, see Raugh and Strauss (2023) ]. Nonreact most closely corresponds to response modulation.…”

“…The present study thus suggests that Nonreact might not only have facilitating, or otherwise indirect, effects on mental health via its associations with emotion regulation ( Desrosiers et al, 2014 ; Curtiss et al, 2017 ), but also direct effects on daily stress, because it may be considered an emotion regulation strategy by itself. In contrast, the other mindfulness facets might not have such effects, because they do not directly address emotion regulation [but see Raugh and Strauss (2023) ]. This line of research should be followed up.…”

“…Frontiers in Psychology 09 frontiersin.org not directly address emotion regulation [but see Raugh and Strauss (2023)]. This line of research should be followed up.…”