Integrating Renewables in Distribution Grids : Storage, regulation and the interaction of different stakeholders in future grids

Nykamp, Stefan

doi:10.3990/1.9789036500579

Cited by 10 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Furthermore, the electrification results in a rising demand for electrical energy by residential users as they start to use electricity for heating, cooking and transportation. This trend results in 2.1.4 -Other Energy Carriers a shift of the residential energy mix and a natural increased requirement for distribution capacity within the electricity infrastructure [116]. The reverse power flows may occur locally, possibly resulting in local over voltage issues or grid overloading that bypasses protection equipment located at the transformer and households.…”

Section: Low Voltage Gridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A cyber-physical systems perspective on decentralized energy management

Hoogsteen¹

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Section: Low Voltage Gridsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adding more cables and bigger transformers is often referred to as the act of "copper plating", which eventually results in a practically infinite capacity to transport electricity. However, this is a costly operation that only solves the problem of distributing electricity, but not the balancing problem [116].…”

Section: Flexible Grid Assetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cyber-physical systems perspective on decentralized energy management

Hoogsteen¹

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“…Traditional power grids are designed for one direction current flows from high voltage to low voltage. Hence, besides strengthening of grid cables and switching circuits, replacement of existing transformers by expensive bi-directional transformers are required when the grid has to transport surplus renewable energy power from one part of the country to another [123]. Furthermore, larger, integrated and possibly international power grids are more complex to manage from the point of network stability and security.…”

Section: Matching Renewable Energy Production and Demandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The combined impact of this increased electrification on the power demand may cause problems for existing electricity grids. Solutions which avoid grid strengthening include: local RES, smart control of flexible appliances to increase self-consumption and demandside management, refer to [123] and [139]. For this, the Dutch government financed various pilot projects within the urban energy subsidy program.…”

Section: Changing the Game In Favour Of Renewable Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards 100% renewable energy supply for urban areas and the role of smart control

Leeuwen¹,

Pieter²

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In the Netherlands, 60% of the consumed energy is for the thermal demand of buildings and industrial processes. More than half of this is for heating purposes of the built environment, predominantly by natural gas boilers. At present, only 4.5% of the primary energy input is from renewable energy sources. Recently, integration of renewable energy in the built environment and increasing energy efficiency of buildings are receiving much attention. Policies of the Dutch government are aimed at phasing out the use of natural gas for heating buildings entirely within a time period of 40 years. This will lead to a larger amount of district heating projects and heat pump installations the coming years, using renewable sources as bio-based fuels, solar PV, wind turbines, waste heat streams and underground thermal sources. Besides a shift from fossil towards renewable energy supply, often in the form of electrical energy generation (solar PV and wind turbines), part of the demand is also being electrified, e.g. heat pumps for the thermal demand and electric vehicles for transportation. As a consequence, the existing electricity grid experiences increasing demand and supply peaks due to fluctuating generation and fluctuating demand patterns. To overcome this, energy storage and smart control of devices can offer flexibility which may avoid problematic supply and demand peak loads. As renewable energy is generated on decentral levels in the vicinity of the real demand, regional and local energy generation, storage technology and smart control receive increasing attention. For these decentral energy systems, renewable energy supply and expected demand patterns determine which generation and storage capacity and which control scheme is as optimal as possible. This thesis is dedicated to the development of tools for these aspects and demonstrates how smart control leads to near optimal capacities and operation of renewable energy system assets. The thesis is centered around a smart grid demonstration project called "Meppelenergie". The purpose of this project is to demonstrate a completely renewable energy system for a new built district in which a biogas cogenerator supplies thermal energy for a district heating system and electrical energy for a group of heat pumps. The goal is to determine optimal capacities and control of generation and storage assets. Models for household space heating and cooling demand are developed, also for household hot water and electricity demand and for the state of charge of a thermal storage and electrical batteries. Of particular interest is the i ii ABSTRACT possibility to store thermal energy within concrete floor heating systems for which a model is developed and effects on thermal comfort and costs for residents are investigated. Within the thesis, the models are either used to generate demand patterns or for model predictive control as part of smart control methods. To determine optimal capacities of assets for two urban energy cases, a case specific model and a generalized system...

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Technical and economic comparison of grid supportive vanadium redox flow batteries for primary control reserve and community electricity storage in Germany

et al. 2018

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Summary Primary control reserve and maximising self‐consumption are currently two of the main applications for large‐scale battery storage systems. Although being currently the most profitable application for large‐scale batteries in Germany, storage systems applying primary control reserve have not been implemented in a grid supportive manner in distribution grids yet. Despite a current unfavourable regulatory framework and reimbursement scheme for community electricity storages in Germany, they are potentially more profitable than residential storages, which is mainly due to their economy of scale, and thus they may become the major large scale battery application in the future. The two applications: primary control reserve and maximising self‐consumption, are combined with a grid supportive behaviour by providing reactive power control and/or peak shaving and are fitted to a vanadium redox flow battery prototype, which is installed in a distribution grid in southern Germany. Based on measured data from the prototype, two battery models for two different time resolutions (1s, 1min) are presented in detail along with their respective operation models. The operation strategy model for primary control reserve comprises the so‐called degrees of freedom used to reduce the energy needed to recharge the battery. The operation strategy to maximise self‐consumption is based on a persistence forecast. The model for the operation strategy for a grid supportive primary control reserve was validated in a field test revealing a relative error of 2.5 % between the simulated and measured state of charge of the battery for a multi‐week time period. The technical assessment of both applications shows that the use of the degrees of freedom can reduce the energy to recharge the battery by 20 %; and in the case of self‐consumption, the curtailment losses can be kept under 1 %. The economic assessment, however, indicates that even for the most promising primary control reserve case, the investment costs of vanadium redox flow batteries must be reduced by at least 30 % in order to break even. Finally, the encouraging key finding is that the negative impact of a grid supportive behaviour, additionally to its primary purpose, is less than 1 % of the revenues. This may encourage distribution grid and battery operators to consider the integration of large scale batteries in distribution grids as part of the solution of a rising share of a decentralised renewable energy generation.

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Integrating Renewables in Distribution Grids : Storage, regulation and the interaction of different stakeholders in future grids

Cited by 10 publications

References 111 publications

A cyber-physical systems perspective on decentralized energy management

A cyber-physical systems perspective on decentralized energy management

Towards 100% renewable energy supply for urban areas and the role of smart control

Technical and economic comparison of grid supportive vanadium redox flow batteries for primary control reserve and community electricity storage in Germany

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