Integrating Resistance Training Into High School Curriculum

Pichardo, Andrew W.; Oliver, Jon L.; Harrison, Charles; Maulder, Peter S; Lloyd, Rhodri S.

doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000412

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Although RT in schools is still a developing concept, examples of periodized implementation have been reported when integrating RT [113]. As discussed, the correct implementation of an RT program is reliant upon accurate and appropriate testing to ensure that the practitioner can assign the correct volume and intensity to progress the adolescent [83].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the testing considerations necessary for the implementation of RT interventions, the timing and period of delivery is equally as important [8,81,82]. The school environment lends itself well to the development of macrocycles that cover an academic year [113]. Furthermore, the structure of terms within the academic year could provide a way to develop detailed planning lasting between 2-6 weeks in the form of a mesocycle [117].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficacy of School-Based Interventions for Improving Muscular Fitness Outcomes in Adolescent Boys: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2019

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Background It has been reported that boys' and girls' physical activity (PA) levels decline throughout adolescence. Boys are at risk of physical inactivity during adolescence; however, in intervention research, they are an under-represented group relative to girls. It is suggested that the school environment may be central to developing interventions that support adolescents in meeting the current PA guidelines. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of school-based physical activity interventions for improving muscular fitness (MF) in adolescent males. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the preferred reporting systems for meta-analyses guidelines and was registered on PROSPERO (Registration number: CRD42018091023). Eligible studies were published in English within peer-reviewed articles. Searches were conducted in three databases, with an additional grey literature search in Google Scholar. Studies investigating MF outcomes were included. Results There were 43 data sets identified across 11 studies, from seven countries. Overall methodological quality of the studies was moderate-to-strong. Interventions targeting MF evidenced a small-to-medium effect (g = 0.32, CI 0.17, 0.48, p < 0.00). Subgroup analyses of MF delivery method resulted in small-to-medium effects: upper limb MF measures (g = 0.28, 95% CI − 0.02, 0.58, p = 0.07), lower limb MF measures (g = 0.28, 95% CI 0.09, 0.68, p = 0.03), combined MF activities (g = 0.24, 95% CI − 0.04 to 0.49, p = 0.05), plyometric activities (g = 0.39, 95% CI 0.09, 0.68, p = 0.01), body weight (g = 0.27, 95% CI − 0.10, 0.65, p = 0.15), and traditional MF methods (g = 0.43, 95% CI 0.09, 0.78, p = 0.01). Conclusions School-based interventions which aimed to increase MF outcomes in adolescent boys demonstrated smallto-moderate effects. Traditional and plyometric methods of resistance training appear to be the most effective form of PA delivery in adolescent males. More quality research is required to assess the impact of MF delivered in the school environment to inform future intervention design.It is recommended that adolescents engage in a minimum of 60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day with muscle and bone strengthening exercise Key PointsMF interventions delivered in a school-based environment demonstrated small-to-moderate effects in adolescent boys.MF delivered in a traditional manner, such as weight machines and free weights, may have a greater effect on enhancing MF than other forms of MF delivery.Plyometric forms of MF delivery demonstrated significant homogeneous effects and require further quality research to assess their application in the school environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of School-Based Interventions for Improving Muscular Fitness Outcomes in Adolescent Boys: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

et al. 2019

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“…Volume was matched by sets and reps, but not total volume load since the movements were loaded to different degrees. Movements and load were assigned and progressed based on technical competency, similar to suggested approaches for athletes with varying skill levels (27,34). All weight room training was supervised, and feedback was given by a certified strength and conditioning specialist (CSCS ® ) with a USA Weightlifting certification.…”

Section: Training Programmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Combined Resistance Training and Weightlifting on Injury Risk Factors and Resistance Training Skill of Adolescent Males

Pichardo

Oliver

Harrison

et al. 2021

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training with or without weightlifting on risk factors for injury and resistance training skill in circa-peak height velocity boys. Sixty-seven boys (age 12-14 years) from a local secondary school were divided into three groups: combined resistance training (CRT), combined resistance training with weightlifting movements (CRT&WL), or a control group (CON). Experimental groups completed twiceweekly training programs over the course of an academic year. The tuck jump assessment, asymmetry measures for single-leg horizontal jump, isometric mid-thigh pull, and the Star Excursion Balance Test, and resistance training skill were measured pre-, mid-, and postintervention. Only the CRT group significantly improved tuck jump assessment score pre-to post-test (p = 0.006,-20.4%, d =-0.39) but there were no clear effects on asymmetry measures for any group. Both groups significantly improved resistance training skill from pre-to posttest (CRT&WL: p = 0.002, 17.6%, d = 1.00; CRT: p = 0.026, 9.2%, d = 0.53). This study suggests that a school-based CRT program may provide significant improvements in jump landing kinematics, whereas the inclusion of weightlifting movements may provide greater improvements in resistance training skill.

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“…The negative consequences EIMD may have on training exposure in youth is important to consider as higher resistance training frequencies are associated with increased performance improvements in youth athletes [132]. In particular, factors such as these should be planned for in youth to ensure that they can be integrated within the required periodization plan to enhance athletic development [133]. Moreover, prescription of ERT within an individuals' LTAD plan needs to consider improving physical qualities, but also reducing injury risk [134][135][136].…”

Section: Exercise-induced Muscle Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development

Drury

Ratel

Clark

et al. 2019

JFMK

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The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the role of eccentric resistance training in youth and how this training modality can be utilized within long-term physical development. Current literature on responses to eccentric exercise in youth has demonstrated that potential concerns, such as fatigue and muscle damage, compared to adults are not supported. Considering the importance of resistance training for youth athletes and the benefits of eccentric training in enhancing strength, power, speed, and resistance to injury, its inclusion throughout youth may be warranted. In this review we provide a brief overview of the physiological responses to exercise in youth with specific reference to the different responses to eccentric resistance training between children, adolescents, and adults. Thereafter, we discuss the importance of ensuring that force absorption qualities are trained throughout youth and how these may be influenced by growth and maturation. In particular, we propose practical methods on how eccentric resistance training methods can be implemented in youth via the inclusion of efficient landing mechanics, eccentric hamstrings strengthening and flywheel inertia training. This article proposes that the use of eccentric resistance training in youth should be considered a necessity to help develop both physical qualities that underpin sporting performance, as well as reducing injury risk. However, as with any other training modality implemented within youth, careful consideration should be given in accordance with an individual’s maturity status, training history and technical competency as well as being underpinned by current long-term physical development guidelines.

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Integrating Resistance Training Into High School Curriculum

Cited by 12 publications

References 78 publications

Efficacy of School-Based Interventions for Improving Muscular Fitness Outcomes in Adolescent Boys: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Efficacy of School-Based Interventions for Improving Muscular Fitness Outcomes in Adolescent Boys: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Effects of Combined Resistance Training and Weightlifting on Injury Risk Factors and Resistance Training Skill of Adolescent Males

Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: Perspectives for Long-Term Athletic Development

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