Integrating Sexual Objectification With Object Versus Person Recognition

Bernard, Philippe; Gervais, Sarah J.; Allen, Jill; Campomizzi, Sophie; Klein, Olivier

doi:10.1177/0956797611434748

Cited by 160 publications

(316 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…We have suggested and found preliminary evidence for the notion that people adopt a local appraisal of women, including focusing on their appearances, bodies, or sexual body parts and functions, rather than a global appraisal of women, focusing on women as entire people (Bernard et al 2012;Gervais et al 2012). Although not tested specifically within the context of sexual objectification, this idea and related research is consistent with previous work showing links between sex and local processing more generally (Förster 2010).…”

Section: Objectification Person Perception and The Global Versus Losupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Our work provides direct evidence for this during initial person perception stages, including attention , recognition (Bernard et al 2012(Bernard et al , 2013aGervais et al 2012), and categorization (Gervais et al 2011a) of women's bodies. Indirect evidence for other stages of the model, including local objectified impression formation (Cikara et al 2010;Heflick and Goldenberg 2009;Heflick et al 2011;Loughnan et al 2010;Vaes et al 2011) and objectified attitudes and behaviors (Rudman and Mescher 2012) comes from our reinterpretation of published research.…”

Section: Critical Next Steps For Researchsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…We suggested that sexualized men may be subject to the inversion effect with upright men recognized better than inverted men, as in classic research on person recognition (Bernard et al 2012). However, if women's bodies are appraised locally and visually reduced to their sexual body parts during initial person perception, as we have suggested, then sexualized women should not be subject to the inversion effect.…”

Section: Local Attention and Recognition Of Women's Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…That is, women sometimes are reduced from their appearances and entire bodies to their sexual body parts (Bernard et al 2012(Bernard et al , 2013aGervais et al 2011aGervais et al , 2012Gervais et al , 2013. Behaviors thought to manifest from this local appraisal of women, for example the objectifying gaze characterized as more attention to sexual body parts (e.g., women's breasts) than other body parts (e.g., women's faces), have negative consequences for women (Gervais et al 2011b;Saguy et al 2010).…”

Section: A Unified Conceptualization Of Objectification and Dehumanizmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward a Unified Theory of Objectification and Dehumanization

Gervais

Bernard

Klein

et al. 2013

Nebraska Symposium on Motivation

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Objectification and dehumanization represent motivational conundrums because they are phenomena in which people are seen in ways that are fundamentally inaccurate; seeing people as objects, as animals, or not as people. The purpose of the 60th Nebraska Symposium on Motivation was to examine the motivational underpinnings of objectification and dehumanization of the self and others. To provide an overall context for this volume, we first provide classic conceptualizations of objectification and dehumanization and speculate about relations between the two. We then introduce a unified theory of objectification and dehumanization within the global versus local processing model (GLOMO) and provide initial supporting evidence. Finally, we introduce the chapters in this volume, which provide additional significant and novel motivational perspectives on objectification and dehumanization.Objectification and dehumanization represent peculiar motivational conundrums. Despite the importance of accuracy motivation in person perception (Harackiewicz and DePaulo 1982;Kelley 1967;Swann 1984), objectification and dehumanization are phenomena in which people are perceived in ways that are fundamentally inaccurate. When we objectify, for example, we treat "as an object what is really not an object, what is, in fact, a human being" (Nussbaum 1999, p. 218). Dehumanization involves a similar disregard for reality, in which we see and treat people not as human.Understanding the motives underlying this biased perception of people as objects and less than human was the primary aim of the 60th Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. This consideration appears to be timely with regard to the historical trajectory of both (a) the Symposium and (b) the scholarship in the areas of objectification and dehumanization. Person perception and attribution have long been of interest to motivation symposium contributors (Brehm 1962;Festinger 1954;Heider

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Section: Objectification Person Perception and The Global Versus Losupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Critical Next Steps For Researchsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Local Attention and Recognition Of Women's Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: A Unified Conceptualization Of Objectification and Dehumanizmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward a Unified Theory of Objectification and Dehumanization

Gervais

Bernard

Klein

et al. 2013

Nebraska Symposium on Motivation

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“…The current study examines a situational variable-alcohol consumption-to determine whether intoxication increases objectifying gazes as well as interacts with perceived attractiveness, warmth, and competence to influence objectifying gazes directed at female targets. Furthermore, most studies examining objectification perpetration have focused on very attractive women (e.g., swimsuit models; Bernard et al 2012;Loughnan et al 2010;Vaes et al 2011;celebrities;Heflick and Goldenberg 2009). As a result, less is known about when and why people objectify women who are less attractive, even though average and less attractive women self-report objectification (Kozee et al 2007;Swim et al 2001).…”

Section: Overview and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beer Holder: An Initial Investigation of the Effects of Alcohol, Attractiveness, Warmth, and Competence on the Objectifying Gaze in Men

et al. 2017

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Psychology of Objectification

Morris

Goldenberg

2016

The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies

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In psychology, research derived from objectification theory provides evidence that the focus on women's appearance leads them to adopt a third‐person perspective, persistently monitoring their own appearance – that is, they self‐objectify – and as a result suffer emotional consequences (e.g., shame) and behavioral inhibition (e.g., restrained eating, inhibited movement). In addition to this body of research, more recently researchers have begun to examine objectification of women from the perspective of others. This research demonstrates that when others focus on a woman's appearance, she is denied a basic sense of humanness; objectified women are denied cognitive and emotional experiences and perceived as similar to actual objects. Together this work provides empirical backing for the ideas espoused by feminist scholars and philosophical discourse on objectification.

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Integrating Sexual Objectification With Object Versus Person Recognition

Cited by 160 publications

References 15 publications

Toward a Unified Theory of Objectification and Dehumanization

Toward a Unified Theory of Objectification and Dehumanization

Beauty Is in the Eye of the Beer Holder: An Initial Investigation of the Effects of Alcohol, Attractiveness, Warmth, and Competence on the Objectifying Gaze in Men

Psychology of Objectification

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