Integrating the Synergy of the Gut Microbiome into Regenerative Medicine: Relevance to Neurological Disorders

Abstract

A new paradigm of cell therapy-based approaches as a solution to several diseases caused by damage or loss of cells/tissues leading to organ failure heralded the birth of a new branch in medicine called regenerative medicine (RM), which was further fueled by in vitro cell expansion and tissue engineering (TE) technologies, including the ability to grow embryonic stem cells, induce pluripotent stem cells, and so on. RM addresses organ failure by repair, regeneration, or restoration, rejuvenation using cells, stem cells, or progenitor cells as tools having added cell-derived products also as a tool, and extracellular matrix component–based support, either direct or indirect (e.g., matrix induced autologous chondrocyte implantation) using scaffolds. Now, the main objective of RM is to solve the functional loss of cells that have evolved from cells as tools to cell-derived factors and scaffolds per se as tools. In this context, an important yet indispensable group of cells that constitute the major portion of the human body in terms of the number of cells having several essential roles to play, both directly and indirectly, starting from digestion and the immune system to the growing evidence of influencing neuronal function, aging, and carcinogenesis has been ignored. We would like to focus on these in this review as they should essentially be considered as a tool of RM, especially for neurological disorders for their vital role. What we are indicating is the second genome or the gut microbiome.

Using the Microbiome as a Regenerative Medicine Strategy for Autoimmune Diseases

“…As recently as 2022, Preethya et al published works addressing the effect of th microbiome in cell-based therapies and discussed its role as a tool in RM [8]. By all e lished parameters, microbiome alteration in the form of dietary and lifestyle changes and probiotic supplementation, and fecal microbiota transplantation is well suited As recently as 2022, Preethya et al published works addressing the effect of the gut microbiome in cell-based therapies and discussed its role as a tool in RM [7]. By all established parameters, microbiome alteration in the form of dietary and lifestyle changes, pre-and probiotic supplementation, and fecal microbiota transplantation is well suited to the definition of RM [7][8][9][10].…”

“…By all e lished parameters, microbiome alteration in the form of dietary and lifestyle changes and probiotic supplementation, and fecal microbiota transplantation is well suited As recently as 2022, Preethya et al published works addressing the effect of the gut microbiome in cell-based therapies and discussed its role as a tool in RM [7]. By all established parameters, microbiome alteration in the form of dietary and lifestyle changes, pre-and probiotic supplementation, and fecal microbiota transplantation is well suited to the definition of RM [7][8][9][10]. There is no clear separation of the gut microbiome and the endogenous human physiology, as their structure and function are intimately related.…”

Causal relationship between the gut microbiota and insomnia: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

“…The microbiota–gut–brain axis has been confirmed to be related to multi-system diseases, such as the nervous system, and participates in the pathogenesis of many mental diseases ( Forslund et al., 2017 ; Cox and Weiner, 2018 ; Loo et al., 2020 ). The gut microbiota is called the “second genome” of the human body ( Preethy et al., 2022 ). The ratio of bacteria to human cells is now considered to be closer to 1:1, and the genes it contains are 100 times that of human coding genes.…”

Editorial: Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells and Their Secretomes as tools of regenerative medicine; Influence of Donor Characteristics on Standardization

“…It comprises a diverse array of cells and factors that not only contribute to cell differentiation, proliferation, and paracrine signalling but also exert profound effects on tissue repair and regeneration, even remotely, through inter-organ axes such as the gut-brain, gut-lung, and gut-skin axis [8]. Exploring the gut microbiome's impact on amniotic fluid stem cells, particularly concerning misfolded proteins, holds promise for identifying potential neurodegenerative disorders in the fetus [9]. Therefore, in harnessing amniotic fluid stem cells and their secretome, assessing the influence of the gut microbiome in both the mother and fetus is imperative for obtaining high-quality stem cells.…”