Integrating traditional and local ecological knowledge into forest biodiversity conservation in the Pacific Northwest

Indian time: time, seasonality, and culture in Traditional Ecological Knowledge of climate change

“…Natural scientists have demonstrated significant changes in climate (e.g., Abatzoglou et al 2014) and some consequences of those changes (e.g., Dalton et al 2013). Native American communities are also recognizing change (Charnley et al 2007;Alexander et al 2011). Our original goal in this research was to investigate the observations of five tribes in the western USA, utilizing a TEK perspective, to discover whether they perceived impacts of climate change impacts, and whether any adaptive strategies were being implemented.…”

Historical framework to explain long-term coupled human and natural system feedbacks: application to a multiple-ownership forest landscape in the northern Great Lakes region, USA

“…TEK develops through time, in relation to human history, and recognizes the complexity of ecological, political, and cultural factors that shape environmental management (Berkes et al 2000, Berkes and Jolly 2001, Davidson-Hunt and Berkes 2003, Garibaldi and Turner 2004, Charnley et al 2007). Local ecological knowledge (LEK) refers to knowledge, practices, and beliefs that are gained through extensive interaction with local ecosystems (Charnley et al 2007). TEK and LEK can be contrasted with "conventional resource management", which is based on Newtonian science and government expertise, and can be disconnected from local conditions (Berkes and Folke 1998).…”

Natural and cultural history of beargrass (<em>Xerophyllum tenax</em>)

“…It is also place-based. Similarly, local ecological knowledge includes knowledge, practices, beliefs, skills, and strategies that people develop as a result of extensive interactions with, and personal observation of, local ecosystems (Charnley et al 2007). This knowledge is more recent, and may eventually become traditional ecological knowledge.…”