Integrating transit data and travel time into food security analysis: A case study of San Diego, California

Mapping EBT Store Closures During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Low-Income, Food-Insecure Community in San Diego

“…Stores on the EBT list for San Diego County include large-scale supermarkets, small-scale local grocers, specialty markets (eg, bakery, butcher), convenience stores, gas station markets, and liquor stores. We coded each EBT store according to the presence of fresh produce reported previously ( 17 ) and locations serviced by BrightSide Produce ( www.brightside.sdsu.edu ), an initiative designed to support the availability of fruits and vegetables at small markets, convenience stores, and liquor stores that accept EBTs.…”

Using open data and open-source software to develop spatial indicators of urban design and transport features for achieving healthy and sustainable cities

“…Creating high-quality, fine-grained spatial indicators to measure progress towards healthy and sustainable cities worldwide presents technical challenges for both between-city and within-city comparisons. 7 , 8 , 9 Although some cities collect and maintain high-quality, 10 fine-grained data on land use, transport infrastructure, and socioeconomic characteristics, many do not. Even when such data exist, they might not be publicly available to researchers and practitioners.…”

Societal Transformation Through Social Entrepreneurial Action Research

“…In addition, municipal and regional transportation policies that improve multimodal access to healthy food are needed to improve access for individuals and families who have limited access to a private automobile (Swayne and Lowery 2021). Some examples of this might include explicit consideration of food access when determining public transit routes and schedules, and the provision of community vans or shuttle buses to link residents directly to food outlets (Dumas et al 2021).…”

“…Ultimately, the interaction of these factors guides decisions about where to shop and influences the travel strategies of individuals and families as they seek out sources of food (Clifton 2004; Rose 2011; Shannon 2016). Therefore, multimodal access, which considers travel distances and times for travelers who use a variety of transportation modes (e.g., cars, walking, public transportation) to reach their destinations, is critical to healthy food access and a key community-level outcome for BrightSide (Swayne and Lowery 2021).…”

“…Travel mode, distance, time of day, and travel time to nearby food retail outlets are increasingly included in analyses to understand access via a variety of modes (Burns and Inglis 2007; Farber, Morang, and Widener 2014; Jiao et al 2012; Raja, Ma, and Yadav 2008; Rose and Richards 2004; Russell and Heidkamp 2011; Swayne and Lowery 2021; Widener et al 2013). Low-income and carless shoppers who rely on public transportation face additional time burdens associated with traveling to local stores; this may deepen the inequities of the food environment.…”