Integrating ultra-wideband and free space optical communication for realizing a secure and high-throughput body area network architecture based on optical code division multiple access

Mirza, Jawad; Ghafoor, Salman; Ahmad, Waqas; Salman, Ahmad; Qureshi, Khurram Karim

doi:10.1007/s10043-021-00683-3

Cited by 12 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…A body area network (BAN), sometimes also called as wireless body area network (WBAN) is a network of miniature battery-powered intelligent medical sensors equipped with wireless transmitters which may be embedded inside the body as implants or may be surface-mounted on the body [1,2]. These sensors usually provide continuous real time localized or remote health monitoring through recording or transmission of physiological data to medical staff [2]. Typically, the communication link between the medical sensors may be categorized into intra-body or extra-body [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is envisioned by the experts that future BANs should be of high throughput, compatible to green-radio (GR) trend, resistive to EMI, license-free spectrum utilization, low installation and maintenance costs etc. [2]. These intended features have been recently realized by integrating the BANs and FSO technology, hence termed as OBAN [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OCDMA is another secure communication technology that has been widely adopted to achieve the absolute data privacy based on spreading the spectrum of desired optical signal [2,22]. Apart from the intended function of data security, OCDMA systems also provide ease of implemenation, cost-efficiency, robustness in transmission, and cancellation of different adverse effects between the transmitter and receiver, such as multiple access interference (MAI) and phase induced intensity noise (PIIN) [2,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The working principle of OCDMA system is based on the conversion of zeros and ones into spectral domain as per designed code by allowing or blocking required data bits employing a specific setup of optical filters, splitters, and couplers at encoder side while the information is retrieved using specific arrangement of optical filters, splitters, and couplers at decoder side [23]. The codes used in OCDMA systems typically are of two types, called zero-cross correlation (ZCC) and fixed inphase cross correlation codes [2]. This basic property of the codes is further exploited to create one dimensional (1D), two dimensional (2D), and three dimensional (3D) OCDMA codes using the temporal, spatial, spectral, and polarization characteristics of signals [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Secure Optical Body Area Network Based on Free Space Optics and Time-Delayed 2D-Spectral/Spatial Optical CDMA

Kanwal

Armghan

Imtiaz

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Free space optics (FSO) based optical body area networks (OBANs) are getting massive attention as an opportunity to address the limitations of radio frequency (RF) based counterparts. This boom in research interest is primarily due to multitude of benefits including, high capacity, immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), rapid installation, cost efficiency, license-free use of spectrum etc. The secure transmission of private health data of patients in OBANs over an insecure FSO channel is a challenging task. Therefore, this paper proposes a low cost, flexible, and secure OBAN based on FSO technology and time-delayed two dimensional (2D) spectral/spatial optical code-division multiple access (OCDMA) system. The proposed architecture consists of eight sensors attached to the bodies of patients operating at the rate of 50 kbps. Data from each sensor is encoded using a 2D spectral/spatial double weight-zero cross correlation (DW-ZCC) code. The 2D encoded optical signals are then time delayed to eliminate the multiple parallel FSO channels between the transmitter and medical center. The combined optical signal is transmitted via 1 km of FSO channel towards remote medical center. Received signal is decoded and data of each sensor is recovered after photo-detection at medical center for further analysis. The FSO channel between transmitter and medical center is modeled using Log-normal channel model. The overall performance of the sensors is analyzed using Bit-error rate (BER) plots for distinctive climate conditions. Secure and error free transmission of sensors data is successfully achieved for different weather conditions between the patients and remote medical center while achieving low receiver sensitivities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Secure Optical Body Area Network Based on Free Space Optics and Time-Delayed 2D-Spectral/Spatial Optical CDMA

Kanwal

Armghan

Imtiaz

et al. 2023

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…Therefore, Free Space Optical (FSO) networks are an alternative and cost-effective solution for building to building high data rate transmission requirements [7,8]. The FSO networks are immensely popular in health-care IoT, last mile connectivity and other closely heterogeneous networks [9]. The FSO communication systems are unlicensed, Line of Sight (LOS) based systems, which usually utilizes Laser (700-1600nm) as carrier modulation and the transmission propagates through free space between source and destination [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Duplex Baseband Signal Transmission Over Free Space Optical Link Employing Carrier Reuse

Shamsi

2022

Preprint

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With increasing IoT and a plethora of multimedia applications being used, there is an ever-increasing demand for bandwidth-intensive applications. Communication networks employing optical fiber had been the de facto standard for such communication systems. The Optical Fiber network's high cost and man-hours required for laying demand wireless solutions. Therefore, an optimum and cost-effective duplex optical link for two channels baseband signal data transmission has been designed and validated using a single laser source. An optical link for 20 Gbps duplex data transmission is designed based upon single laser source utilization. A cost-efficient and simple design have been accomplished with a transmission distance of 1.5 km by utilizing Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK) and On-Off Keying (OOK) modulation techniques. The design allowed us to recycle the downlink signal in uplink transmission over free Space, thus eradicating the requirement for a separate laser at the other end. Each channel's transmission data rate was 10 Gb/sec. At the former end, the DQPSK technique was employed for data modulation and the data was transmitted into free space. The data was then split at the latter end for downlink reception along with reusing the downlink received signal for uplink transmission to the former end utilizing the OOK modulation technique. The received data was compared with the transmitted one to verify and validate the system's accuracy through signal waveforms and BER (Bit Error Rate). The eye diagrams and the Bit error rate (BER) graphs of the received downlink and uplink signals over a duplex Free Space Optical (FSO) transmission link are discussed and presented.

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Machine learning FSO-SAC-OCDMA code recognition under different weather conditions

et al. 2022

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Nowadays, transmitting and receiving data with high speed and a high level of security are the main demands. So, a new model of spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) is suggested in this paper, based on a free space optical (FSO) communication system using coherent sources. Three different codes: enhanced double weight (EDW), modified double weight (MDW) and multi-diagonal (MD) codes are assigned to our proposed model with the direct detection (DD) technique. Furthermore, the model is simulated under different weather conditions including clear air (CA), light mist (LM), very light fog, and light fog (LF). The system performance is evaluated through its bit error rate (BER), Q-factor, received power, and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, classification of the information received by the three different SAC-OCDMA using three different codes (EDW, MDW, and MD) is still challenging. So, two different machine learning (ML) algorithms are used, in this study, to classify the data received using the different codes. Detecting which code is received at the receiver end is important in order to reduce code error detection. Two algorithms: K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are adopted to classify different codes used for data transmission under four different weather conditions. The ML input dataset consists of the obtained simulation results, including Q-factor, BER, and SNR. Each feature is to be normalized before using ML. The obtained results show that the performance of the proposed FSO model achieved the longest propagation range under CA weather conditions, 7 km, while the shortest is under LF, which is 0.98 km. This is due to the attenuation of fog that causes signal degradation. The FSO system that uses EDW gives the best result under different weather conditions, while the system that uses MD code gives the worst performance. Also, the highest power is achieved when the EDW code is used at 5.5 km. The EDW has a received power of − 21.58 dBm, while the received power is − 22.04 dBm and − 23.8 dBm for MDW and MD codes, respectively. As for classification between the received information coming from three different codes under different weather conditions, both algorithms, KNN and SVM, achieve promising results in most cases. They showed more than 97% of classification accuracy under CA, LM, and LF weather conditions.

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Integrating ultra-wideband and free space optical communication for realizing a secure and high-throughput body area network architecture based on optical code division multiple access

Cited by 12 publications

References 24 publications

A Secure Optical Body Area Network Based on Free Space Optics and Time-Delayed 2D-Spectral/Spatial Optical CDMA

A Secure Optical Body Area Network Based on Free Space Optics and Time-Delayed 2D-Spectral/Spatial Optical CDMA

Duplex Baseband Signal Transmission Over Free Space Optical Link Employing Carrier Reuse

Machine learning FSO-SAC-OCDMA code recognition under different weather conditions

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