Integrating water temperature in chlorine decay modelling: a case study

Monteiro, Laura; Figueiredo, David Oliveira de; Covas, Dídia; Menaia, J.

doi:10.1080/1573062x.2017.1363249

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Although little is known in practice, research has been conducted to model temperature changes in the DWDS and to determine delivered water temperature at the customer [10][11][12][13][14]. Temperature is an important determinant of water quality, since it influences physical, chemical and biological processes, such as absorption of chemicals, chlorine decay [15] and microbial growth and competition processes [8]. Specifically, it influences the survival and growth conditions of microorganisms and the kinetics of many chemical reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water Temperature around the Globe: Understanding, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities

Agudelo-Vera

Avvedimento

Boxall

et al. 2020

Water

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Water temperature is often monitored at water sources and treatment works; however, there is limited monitoring of the water temperature in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS), despite a known impact on physical, chemical and microbial reactions which impact water quality. A key parameter influencing drinking water temperature is soil temperature, which is influenced by the urban heat island effects. This paper provides critique and comprehensive summary of the current knowledge, policies and challenges regarding drinking water temperature research and presents the findings from a survey of international stakeholders. Knowledge gaps as well as challenges and opportunities for monitoring and research are identified. The conclusion of the study is that temperature in the DWDS is an emerging concern in various countries regardless of the water source and treatment, climate conditions, or network characteristics such as topology, pipe material or diameter. More research is needed, especially to determine (i) the effect of higher temperatures, (ii) a legislative limit on temperature and (iii) measures to comply with this limit.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water Temperature around the Globe: Understanding, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities

Agudelo-Vera

Avvedimento

Boxall

et al. 2020

Water

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“…As a key influencing factor in DWDS, temperature can affect both chemical and biological processes (Li et al, 2019). Chlor(am)ine decay rate can be accelerated with increasing temperature (Monteiro et al, 2017;Sathasivan et al, 2009). This can be explained by two major reasons: (i) chlor(am)ine self-decay is a temperature dependent reaction, and the reaction rate is higher at higher temperature (Monteiro et al, 2017); (ii) elevated temperature can change the microbial activities (Ndiongue et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal energy recovery from chlorinated drinking water distribution systems: Effect on chlorine and microbial water and biofilm characteristics

Zhou

Ahmad

Hoek

et al. 2020

Environmental Research

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Thermal energy recovery from drinking water has a high potential in the application of sustainable building and industrial cooling. However, drinking water and biofilm microbial qualities should be concerned because the elevated water temperature after cold recovery may influence the microbial activities in water and biofilm phases in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). In this study, the effect of cold recovery on microbial qualities was investigated in a chlorinated DWDS. The chlorine decay was slight (1.1%-15.5%) due to a short contact time (~60 s) and was not affected by the cold recovery (p > 0.05). The concentrations of cellular ATP and intact cell numbers in the bulk water were partially inactivated by the residual chlorine, with the removal rates of 10.1%-16.2% and 22.4%-29.4%, respectively. The chlorine inactivation was probably promoted by heat exchangers but was not further enhanced by higher temperatures. The higher water temperature (25°C) enhanced the growth of biofilm biomass on pipelines. Principle coordination analysis (PCoA) showed that the biofilms on the stainless steel plates of HEs and the plastic pipe inner surfaces had totally different community compositions. Elevated temperatures favored the growth of Pseudomonas spp. and Legionella spp. in the biofilm after cold recovery. The community functional predictions revealed more abundances of five human diseases (e.g. Staphylococcis aureus infection) and beta-lactam resistance pathways in the biofilms at higher temperature. Compared with a previous study with a non-chlorinated DWDS, chlorine dramatically reduced the biofilm biomass growth but raised the relative abundances of the chlorine-resistant genera (i.e. Pseudomonas and Sphingomonas) in bacterial communities.

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“…Many studies have demonstrated that increase in natural organic matter (NOM), measured by total organic cabon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as surrogates, has propotional effects on chlorine decay (Al Heboos and Licsko, 2015;Hallam et al, 2003;Powell et al, 2000;Saidan et al, 2017). Other factors, such as initial concentration, temperature, pH and flow velocity, can also affect chlorine decay in the bulk of water (Digiano and Zhang, 2005;Hallam et al, 2003;Karadirek et al, 2016;Monteiro et al, 2017;Powell et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of probable causes of chlorine decay in water distribution systems of Gaborone city, Botswana

Nono

Odirile

Basupi

et al. 2019

WSA

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Assessment of probable causes of chlorine decay in water distribution systems of Gaborone city, Botswana Gaborone city water distribution system (GCWDS) is rapidly expanding and has been faced with the major problems of high water losses due to leakage, water shortages due to drought and inadequate chlorine residuals at remote areas of the network. This study investigated the probable causes of chlorine decay, due to pipe wall conditions and distribution system water quality in the GCWDS. An experimental approach, which applied a pipe-loop network model to estimate biofilm growth and chlorine reaction rate constants, was used to analyse pipe wall chlorine decay. Also, effects of key water quality parameters on chlorine decay were analysed. The water quality parameters considered were: natural organic matter (measured by total organic carbon, TOC; dissolved organic carbon, DOC; and ultraviolet absorbance at wavelength 254, UVA-254, as surrogates), inorganic compounds (iron and manganese) and heterotrophic plate count (HPC). Samples were collected from selected locations in the GCWDS for analysis of water quality parameters. The results of biofilm growth and chlorine reaction rate constants revealed that chlorine decay was higher in pipe walls than in the bulk of water in the GCWDS. The analysis of key water quality parameters revealed the presence of TOC, DOC and significant levels of organics (measured by UVA-254), which suggests that organic compounds contributed to chlorine decay in the GCWDS. However, low amounts of iron and manganese (< 0.3 mg/L) indicated that inorganic compounds may have had insignificant contributions to chlorine decay. The knowledge gained on chlorine decay would be useful for improving water treatment and network operating conditions so that appropriate chlorine residuals are maintained to protect the network from the risks of poor water quality that may occur due to the aforementioned problems.

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Integrating water temperature in chlorine decay modelling: a case study

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

Drinking Water Temperature around the Globe: Understanding, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities

Drinking Water Temperature around the Globe: Understanding, Policies, Challenges and Opportunities

Thermal energy recovery from chlorinated drinking water distribution systems: Effect on chlorine and microbial water and biofilm characteristics

Assessment of probable causes of chlorine decay in water distribution systems of Gaborone city, Botswana

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