Integration and Optimisation of Palm Oil Sector with Multiple-Industries to Achieve Circular Economy

Toward Carbon Neutrality: Systematic Approach to Decarbonize Palm Oil Value Chain

“…These weights are then used in the optimization model to synthesize a sustainable POVC. Meanwhile Rajakal et al employed the superstructure-based fuzzy optimization methodology to identify the most suitable pathway of palm biomass integration with other industries while achieving a trade-off between economic and environmental considerations. It is worth noting that Tapia and Samsatli focused on economic performance, specifically profit, in their work but did not account for emission reduction.…”

“…It is worth noting that Tapia and Samsatli focused on economic performance, specifically profit, in their work but did not account for emission reduction. In contrast, Rajakal et al considered emission reduction but only estimated revenue. These specific considerations limited the model’s ability to identify pathways that could simultaneously yield profit and result in minimal net emissions. Though most of the above works included POM in the POVC optimization, none of them have integrated the selection of palm oil milling process technologies. None of the works in the literature have integrated POME treatment and the biogas purification pathway in the POVC optimization. Very few works have considered integrated biorefinery while optimizing the POVC.…”

“…It is worth noting that Tapia and Samsatli focused on economic performance, specifically profit, in their work but did not account for emission reduction. In contrast, Rajakal et al considered emission reduction but only estimated revenue. These specific considerations limited the model’s ability to identify pathways that could simultaneously yield profit and result in minimal net emissions.…”

“…However, the model did not consider an integrated biorefinery and POME treatment. Most recently, Rajakal et al 36 presents a systematic approach to integrate multiple industries with the palm oil industry to achieve circular economy. However, none of the previous works have considered the entire POVC encompassing the OPP, POM (including milling operation, biorefinery, and POME treatment), and POR to analyze the emissions and mitigation opportunities.…”

A holistic mitigation model for net zero emissions in the palm oil industry

“…A mathematical optimization model is presented to ascertain the most optimal pathway for achieving circularity in the utilization of palm-based biomass, specifically palm oil mill effluent (POME) and refinery wastes, in conjunction with other sectors [ 23 ]. The results of the multi-objective analysis indicate a potential economic output of USD 151.36 million, net CO2 emissions of 804,946.60 tCO2, and landfill waste reduction of 80.17%.…”