Integration of Blockchain and Digital Twins in the Smart Built Environment Adopting Disruptive Technologies—A Systematic Review

Abstract

The integration of blockchain and digital twins (DT) for better building-lifecycle data management has recently received much attention from researchers in the field. In this respect, the adoption of enabling technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud and edge computing, Big Data analytics, etc., has also been investigated in an abundance of studies. The present review inspects the recent studies to shed light on the foremost among those enabling technologies and their scope, challenges, and integration potential. To this end, 86 scientific papers, recognized and retrieved from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, were reviewed and a thorough bibliometric analysis was performed on them. The obtained results demonstrate the nascency of the research in this field and the necessity of further implementation of practical methods to discover and prove the real potential of these technologies and their fusion. It was also found that the integration of these technologies can be beneficial for addressing the implementation challenges they face individually. In the end, an abstract descriptive model is presented to provide a better understanding of how the technologies can become integrated into a unified system for smartening the built environment.

Trust and website conversion in consumer responses to green product purchasing: A new perspective through the lens of innovative website Design's technology integration

“…Various measures can be used to assess the acceptability of the fit between a hypothetical model and sample data. The minimum discrepancy per degree of freedom (CMIN/DF) ideally should be less than 3 for an acceptable fit according to some studies [ 25 ] and less than 5 according to others [ 69 ]. In this study, CMIN/DF was 2.19, indicating an acceptable fit.…”

“…In this research context, technological integration of innovative website design refers to the process of incorporating advanced digital technologies and techniques in the creation of web-based applications to deliver a user experience [ [25] , [26] , [27] ]. This involves using techniques such as responsive web design [ 28 ], interactivity [ 29 ], social media integration [ 30 ], user-generated content [ 31 ], and continuous updates to provide high-quality information, ease of use [ 32 ], and visually appealing design [ 33 ].…”

Blockchain-based digital twin data provenance for predictive asset management in building facilities

“…To address this challenge, a combination of off-chain and on-chain databases can be utilized, allowing organizations to store and process data both on the blockchain and external databases. This enables efficient storage, retrieval, and processing mechanisms to handle the increasing data load (Sadri et al ., 2023).…”

“…Both on-chain and off-chain data sources play a crucial role in creating a comprehensive and robust asset management ecosystem, leveraging the strengths of BCT while integrating with external data sources and processes (Shojaei et al. , 2020; Suhail et al ., 2022; Hellenborn et al ., 2023; Sadri et al ., 2023).…”

Digital-Twin-Based Fire Safety Management Framework for Smart Buildings

“…The integration of blockchain in our framework goes beyond traditional data security; it is crucial for verifying data and maintaining privacy at the database level, especially in IoT-based systems [100]. As highlighted by Sadri et al [103], integrating blockchain with IoT facilitates the decentralized processing of data, enhancing system resilience and reducing the risks associated with centralized systems. This approach not only ensures secure and reliable data transfer but also significantly improves the robustness and response efficiency of the FSE system.…”