Integration of large- scale PV plants in non-sinusoidal environments: Considerations on hosting capacity and harmonic distortion limits

Probabilistic Hosting Capacity Enhancement in Non-Sinusoidal Power Distribution Systems Using a Hybrid PSOGSA Optimization Algorithm

“…From the harmonic load flow perspective, the DG source, represented by a PV system in this work, is usually modeled as a harmonic current source [8]; thus: where I 1 PV and I h PV are the fundamental and the hth harmonic currents of the PV system, respectively. In addition, β h PV denotes the ratio of the hth harmonic current to the fundamental current of the PV system, and S 95 PV is the 95th percentile of the injected apparent power of the PV system.…”

“…Consequently, the liberalization of electric energy markets has led to an augmented integration of DG units, such as photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines (WT) in today's power systems [6]. However, unplanned and excessive harmonic mitigation techniques have been proposed, to enhance harmonic-constrained HCs to comply with international PQ limits, such as single-tuned passive filters in [8], C-type passive filters in [7], and active harmonic filters in [26]. In addition, inter-and supra-harmonics and their impacts on HC assessment were examined in [27].…”

“…The PHC results obtained are compared with the conventional deterministic HC (DHC) results, and it is found that the PHC levels are higher than those obtained by conservative HC procedures, practical rules of thumb, and the DHC approaches.Energies 2019, 12, 1018 2 of 23 penetration of DG may turn its advantages into disadvantages with possible operational hazards such as increased overvoltage risks, overloading of electrical equipment, and reversal power flows, with negative impacts on the network's protection schemes, and power quality (PQ) problems.Electrical systems are highly vulnerable to these risks when DG penetration exceeds the maximum allowable level that ensures safe and reliable operation, the so-called system hosting capacity (HC) limit. Simply, HC analysis is of paramount importance to modern network planners and operators, in order to gain clear insight into fast-changing electrical networks that are subject to the high penetration of DGs of intermittent and unpredictable natures [7,8]. In this context, electric utilities and DG investors have paid much attention to HC enhancements, to allow greater DG integration, while ensuring safe and reliable network operation.…”

“…Electrical systems are highly vulnerable to these risks when DG penetration exceeds the maximum allowable level that ensures safe and reliable operation, the so-called system hosting capacity (HC) limit. Simply, HC analysis is of paramount importance to modern network planners and operators, in order to gain clear insight into fast-changing electrical networks that are subject to the high penetration of DGs of intermittent and unpredictable natures [7,8]. In this context, electric utilities and DG investors have paid much attention to HC enhancements, to allow greater DG integration, while ensuring safe and reliable network operation.…”

Optimal Network Reconfiguration in Active Distribution Networks with Soft Open Points and Distributed Generation

“…Traditionally, power loss was minimized via several methods, such as using power quality (PQ) devices to enhance the PQ performance of a system by limiting inefficiencies in the way power is transferred and reducing harmonic distortion, which results in increased loss in distribution networks [4]; reducing network imbalance, as an unbalanced power system will have higher currents in one or more phases compared to balanced power systems [5]; improving power factor (PF), where low PF circuits suffer from a significant increase in current at the same power delivered [6]; configuring power system networks to provide a flexible framework to transfer electrical loads between feeders, resulting in minimized loss and improved balancing of loads [7]; upgrading networks to higher voltage levels, while expanding reinforcement plans to guarantee significant loss savings [8,9]; considering enhanced demand response programs to reschedule energy usage and improve the reliability and efficiency of electrical networks, and consequently reduce losses [10]; and allocating DG units and power electronic devices in the distribution network [11] to control power delivery between interlinked feeders and reduce power loss efficiently. However, it is prudent to ensure that DGs or electronic devices are optimally sized and connected to suitable locations in power systems to take full advantage of their positive benefits [1,7].…”