Integration of learned and naturally occurring flexor EMG in the human step cycle

The control of human walking can be temporarily modified by applying forces to the leg. To study the neural mechanisms underlying this adaptive capacity, a device delivering controlled forces and high-velocity displacements to the ankle was designed. A new solution, involving a closed circuit hydraulic system composed of two cylinders (master-slave) mutually connected by hoses and controlled by an electric motor was preferred over classical mechanical/electrical approaches. The slave cylinder delivers desired torques to the ankle using a light weight, custom-designed ankle-foot orthosis. This electrohydraulic orthosis (EHO) can produce several types of force fields during walking, including constant, position-dependent, and phase-dependent. With phase-dependent force fields, active torque cancellation maintains low-residual torques ( < or = 1.85 Nm root mean square) outside of the zone of force application for walking speeds ranging from 0.2 to 4.5 km/h. Rapid ankle stretches/unloads ( > 200 degrees/s) can also be produced alone or during force field application, and elicited proprioceptive reflexes in ankle muscles. In conclusion, the EHO is capable of delivering controlled force fields and of activating proprioceptive reflexes during human walking. It will provide the flexibility needed to test the adaptability of healthy and pathological gait control, and to address some of its underlying neural mechanisms.

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Identification of <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> Races in Morioka, Japan and Identification of a Quantitative Trait Locus Associated with Resistance to Apple Scab in ‘Akane’ Apples

森谷

後藤

久保

et al. 2019

Engeigaku kenkyuu

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Apple scab, which is caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Wint., is a destructive disease that affects apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.). To develop an approach to breeding apples for scab resistance, race distribution of V. inaequalis in Morioka, Japan and genetic factors affecting partial scab resistance observed on 'Akane' were assessed. An inoculation test using several differential hosts suggested that race 1 of V. inaequalis was the predominant race in Morioka, Japan. To characterize the genetic profile of 'Akane' resistance, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses that employed two years of natural scab infection scores in a fungicide-free orchard in Kuroishi, Aomori, Japan were performed using an F 1 population derived from the 'Orin' × 'Akane' cross. A QTL allele that explained 20% of the phenotypic variance in scab resistance was detected on chromosome 17 of 'Akane'. In the middle region of chromosome 17 of 'Orin' and in very close proximity to the 'Akane' QTL, a weak QTL allele was also detected, which explained 5% of the phenotypic variance observed. We considered that these effects were caused by alleles of the identical QTL. Haplotyping analysis indicated that this QTL resistance allele from 'Akane' originated from 'Worcester Pearmain'.

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Integration of learned and naturally occurring flexor EMG in the human step cycle

Cited by 3 publications

References 19 publications

Learning and rhythmic human EMG in ecological perspective

Learning and rhythmic human EMG in ecological perspective

An ElectroHydraulic Actuated Ankle Foot Orthosis to Generate Force Fields and to Test Proprioceptive Reflexes During Human Walking

Identification of <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> Races in Morioka, Japan and Identification of a Quantitative Trait Locus Associated with Resistance to Apple Scab in ‘Akane’ Apples

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