Integration of Polymorphic Co_xSe_y on MXene-Incorporated Self-Templated Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam to Augment Supercapacitor Performance through Componential and Structural Modifications

Abstract

Transition metal selenides (TMSes) possess rich redox chemistry and, consequently, are potential candidates for supercapacitor applications. Unfortunately, the actual capacitance behavior of TMSes is generally lower than the theoretical value due to a small number of exposed active sites, sluggish charge transfer, and inferior ion diffusivity. Moreover, the dramatic volume changes during the charge/discharge process adversely affects the stability of active materials. Herein, polymorphic Co x Se y (Co 0.85 Se and CoSe 2 ) have been synthesized and integrated into Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene flake reinforced three-dimensional (3D) rGO foam (denoted as Co x Se y @TC/ rGOF) through a self-templating hydrothermal method. The wellconstructed foam-like architecture with 3D buildup of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene and rGO sheets provides fast ion/mass transport to a large number of accessible active sites of spatially arranged Co x Se y in three dimensions, decreases ion diffusion distance, and provides an additional carbon content that enables capacitive characteristics. The structural advantages and intercomponent synergy lead to a superior charge storage performance for Co x Se y @TC/rGOF. Accordingly, Co x Se y @TC/rGOF delivers high specific capacities of 243.1 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 and 178 mAh g −1 at 12 A g −1 , greater than its counterparts, i.e., Co x Se y @rGOF (147.2 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 ) and Co x Se y (79.4 mAh g −1 at 1 A g −1 ). The specific capacity and Coulombic efficiency for Co x Se y @TC/rGOF retain 91.3 and 93.8% of their initial value after 5000 charge/discharge cycles, respectively. Impedance measurement shows small values of R s (1.04 Ω) and R CT (3.92 Ω) for Co x Se y @TC/rGOF. In addition, this work presents a feasible scheme to provide a basic understanding of enhanced charge storage and structural stability.

Ti3C2Tx MXene reinforcement: a nickel–vanadium selenide/MXene based multi-component composite as a battery-type electrode for supercapacitor applications

“…9(b–d)). The mass-specific energy storage capacity of each electrode was determined from GCD data at different current densities (1–12 A g −1 ) using the following eqn (2): 63 where I is the current density, Δ t denotes the discharge time, and m is the mass of the active material. The maximum specific capacity for NiVSe–MXene-GAF was observed at 1 A g −1 as 305.8 mA h g −1 .…”