Integration of Underwater Radioactivity and Acoustic Sensors into an Open Sea Near Real-Time Multi-Parametric Observation System

Abstract

This work deals with the installation of two smart in-situ sensors (for underwater radioactivity and underwater sound monitoring) on the Western 1-Mediterranean Moored Multisensor Array (W1-M3A) ocean observing system that is equipped with all appropriate modules for continuous, long-term and real-time operation. All necessary tasks for their integration are described such as, the upgrade of the sensors for interoperable and power-efficient operation, the conversion of data in homogeneous and standard format, the automated pre-process of the raw data, the real-time integration of data and metadata (related to data processing and calibration procedure) into the controller of the observing system, the test and debugging of the developed algorithms in the laboratory, and the obtained quality-controlled data. The integration allowed the transmission of the acquired data in near-real time along with a complete set of typical ocean and atmospheric parameters. Preliminary analysis of the data is presented, providing qualitative information during rainfall periods, and combine gamma-ray detection rates with passive acoustic data. The analysis exhibits a satisfactory identification of rainfall events by both sensors according to the estimates obtained by the rain gauge operating on the observatory and the remote observations collected by meteorological radars.

A Wide Energy Range and 4π-View Gamma Camera with Interspaced Position-Sensitive Scintillator Array and Embedded Heavy Metal Bars

“…The measured energy resolution is 19.6% at 511 keV, 13.7% at 662 keV, and 11.8% at 1275 keV. The energy resolution at 662 keV is compared with other gamma cameras and spectrometers with GAGG (Ce) (5.6% in [ 19 ], 6.5% in [ 20 ], and 10.5% in [ 21 ]) and other commonly used scintillators such as NaI (Tl) (6.5% in [ 22 ] and 11% in [ 23 ]). We believe the dual-end-readout technique that spreads the optical photons over two SiPMs, the detector’s large crystal aspect ratio [ 24 ] and the diffuse reflector [ 15 ] contribute to the energy resolution degradation.…”

Handheld Magnetic-Compliant Gamma-Ray Spectrometer for Environmental Monitoring and Scrap Metal Screening

“…Moreover, the combination of such detectors with machine learning looks extremely promising, both at single-detector level, for instance, to improve the quality of the spectrum [ 28 ] or to endow with directional sensitivity a collimator-less gamma spectrometer based on the same geometry (a cylindrical LaBr 3 scintillator coupled to planar arrays of SiPM) [ 29 ], and at the level of merging the information captured from multiple sensing sites and fusing radioactivity maps with other heterogeneous and complementary information, such as meteorological and acoustic sensors in the case of underwater radioactivity observations [ 30 ].…”

Design of an Interactive Cellular System for the Remote Operation of Ocean Sensors: A Pilot Study Integrating Radioactivity Sensors

“…Indicatively, the energy resolution at the energy of 661.6 keV ( 137 Cs photopeak) is 6.5-6.8% for the KATERINA I and II detectors and 3.5-3.7% for the GeoMAREA system, respectively. The systems were applied in direct-connection or stand-alone mode to a variety of marine applications in stationary and mobile platforms [18][19][20][21][22][23].…”