Integumental ultrastructure of the desert millipede, Orthoporus ornatus (Girard) (Diplopoda : spirostreptidae)

Walker, Lisa; Crawford, Clifford S.

doi:10.1016/0020-7322(80)90017-3

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 22 publications

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“…These areas may be more penetrable than others, making a more suitable entry point for the typically smooth, unarmored stylets (Weirauch, 2003(Weirauch, , 2008. Unfortunately, little is known about diplopod cuticular ultrastructure and chemical composition to further support this claim (Subramoniam, 1974;Walker & Crawford, 1980;Ansenne et al, 1990). Alternatively, Ectrichodiinae may initially target the millipede's ventral ganglia or the supra-oesophageal ganglion to expose the nervous system Fig.…”

Section: Point Of Stylet Insertionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic associations: A review of the predatory behaviors of millipede assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

Forthman¹,

Weirauch²

2012

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Ectrichodiinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), the millipede assassin bugs, are a speciose group (>660 species) of assassin bugs that appear to be specialist predators on Diplopoda, or millipedes. Apparently capable of coping with the noxious defensive compounds produced by many millipedes, Ectrichodiinae are engaged in a predator-prey relationship with millipedes realized only by few other arthropods. Unfortunately, feeding behaviors of Ectrichodiinae are inadequately documented, rendering this exciting phenomenon largely inaccessible. We here present a literature review on ectrichodiine prey selection and feeding behaviors, with supplemental original observations on Rhiginia cinctiventris (Stål, 1872) in Costa Rica. Thirteen species in 12 genera have been observed to feed on millipedes. The majority of diplopod prey species were reported from the orders Spirostreptida and Spirobolida, whereas Polydesmida are rarely attacked. Ectrichodiinae insert their stylets at the millipede's intersegmental membranes on the ventral and ventro-lateral trunk area or between the head and collum. Communal predation was observed among conspecific nymphs, among groups of nymphs with a conspecific adult, and more rarely among adults. Immature ectrichodiines were rarely observed to engage in solitary predation. Observations on R. cinctiventris indicate that this species preys on spirobolid and polydesmid millipedes and are in agreement with behaviors described for other Ectrichodiinae.

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Section: Point Of Stylet Insertionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic associations: A review of the predatory behaviors of millipede assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

Forthman¹,

Weirauch²

2012

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Cuticle ultrastructure with respect to the lipid waterproofing barrier

Hadley

1982

J. Exp. Zool.

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Lipids (waxes) deposited on or incorporated in the epicuticle provide an important waterproofing barrier in most terrestrial insects and arachnids. Although the chemical nature of these lipids is well documented, ultrastructural evidence for their association with specific cuticular layers and sublayers is less conclusive. Difficulties here include relating layers observed with the electron microscope with layers seen under light microscopy, plus the fact that much lipid is removed in normal preparative procedures for electron microscopy. Moreover, epicuticular layers which presumably are lipid-rich are often resistant to organic solvents. The latter suggests that if lipid is present, much of it is bound, possibly to protein. Preliminary studies using new techniques such as myrcene partitioning and freeze-fracture microscopy which improve lipid r6-tention and visualization have yielded some promising results. Scanning electron microscopy of surface waxes, in contrast, has revealed complex lipid accumulations which can be altered or removed by appropriate organic solvents. Surface waxes no doubt supplement lipids associated with epicuticular layers in restricting water loss, with the effectiveness of the former being dependent upon their thickness, physical structure and arrangement, and their chemical composition. Pore and wax canals are likely the major routes via which lipids are transported from sites of synthesis to the epicuticle, but the exact mechanisms involved must still be resolved.Experimental evidence suggests that all layers of the cuticle as well as the epidermis contribute to the low rates of transpiration exhibited by most terrestrial arthropods. For many species, however, the principal barrier to water efflux appears to be lipids associated with the epicuticle. The basis for this was established by some rather simple but classic experiments performed in the 1930s and 1940s by Ramsay, Beament, Wigglesworth, and others who showed that cuticular water loss increased significantly when lipids were removed or disrupted by solvents, mechanical abrasion, absorption, or exposure to high temperatures (see Ebeling,

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A diplopode (millipede s. str.) from lacustrine carbonates of the Nördlinger Ries impact crater (Miocene, southern Germany): Morphology and integumental structure

Arp

1995

Paläontol. Z.

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Integumental ultrastructure of the desert millipede, Orthoporus ornatus (Girard) (Diplopoda : spirostreptidae)

Cited by 5 publications

References 22 publications

Toxic associations: A review of the predatory behaviors of millipede assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

Toxic associations: A review of the predatory behaviors of millipede assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Ectrichodiinae)

Cuticle ultrastructure with respect to the lipid waterproofing barrier

A diplopode (millipede s. str.) from lacustrine carbonates of the Nördlinger Ries impact crater (Miocene, southern Germany): Morphology and integumental structure

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