Intellectual and Psychological Performance in Males Born Small for Gestational Age With and Without Catch-Up Growth

Lundgren, Ester Maria; Cnattingius, Sven; Jonsson, Björn; Tuvemo, Torsten

doi:10.1203/00006450-200107000-00017

Cited by 201 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…11,[36][37][38][39][40] Intrauterine growth restriction is a common pathological condition, especially in developing countries, and has awakened great concern because of its association with future diseases of adulthood, such as : arterial hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and coronary disease. 41 Although a majority (80%) of babies born with IUGR exhibit catch-up growth during the first 2 years of life, generally during the first 6 months, there is great concern for those that do not catch up, since these children have a worse prognosis for intellectual development 42 and half of them will also become adults of small stature. 43 It should be remembered that the majority of studies of the prognosis of babies born with IUGR are based on full term babies and that the results are contradictory.…”

Section: Important Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crescimento e desenvolvimento a longo prazo do prematuro extremo

Rugolo¹

2005

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

134

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Section: Important Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crescimento e desenvolvimento a longo prazo do prematuro extremo

Rugolo¹

2005

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

134

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“…NTELLECTUAL PERFORMANCE, COGNITIVE function, and academic achievement are independently associated with both gestational age and measures of fetal growth. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] We showed previously that risks for low intellectual performance related to short gestational age and indicators of reduced fetal growth (low birth weight, short birth length, and a small head circumference for gestational age) remain after controlling for socioeconomic and familial factors. 8 It has been hypothesized that the impact of fetal growth restriction on the child's long-term cognitive and motor development varies with gestational age at birth.…”

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confidence: 93%

Risks for Low Intellectual Performance Related to Being Born Small for Gestational Age Are Modified by Gestational Age

Belizán

2006

Pediatrics

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OBJECTIVE. We sought to study whether the association between being born small for gestational age and risk for low intellectual performance was modified by gestational age.METHODS. A population-based cohort study was conducted of 352 125 boys who were born between 28 and 43 completed weeks of gestation from 1973 to 1981 in Sweden. Risk for low intellectual performance at military conscription, estimated as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals was measured.RESULTS. Compared with men who were born preterm (28 -36 weeks) and had normal birth weight for gestational age, men who were born preterm and had a very low birth weight for gestational age were not at increased risk for low intellectual performance. In contrast, men who were born preterm with a very short birth length or a very small head circumference for gestational age faced a near doubled risk for low intellectual performance compared with their appropriate peers. Among men who were born at term (37-41 weeks), risk for low intellectual performance was increased among those with very or moderately small birth weight, birth length, or head circumference for gestational age.CONCLUSIONS. During early stages of gestation, growth in length and head circumference may be more important for intellectual development than weight increase. Future studies on size at birth and intellectual performance should consider also including anthropometric measurements other than birth weight. NTELLECTUAL PERFORMANCE, COGNITIVE function, and academic achievement are independently associated with both gestational age and measures of fetal growth. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] We showed previously that risks for low intellectual performance related to short gestational age and indicators of reduced fetal growth (low birth weight, short birth length, and a small head circumference for gestational age) remain after controlling for socioeconomic and familial factors. 8 It has been hypothesized that the impact of fetal growth restriction on the child's long-term cognitive and motor development varies with gestational age at birth. 9,10 A number of studies reported increased risks for low intellectual performance and poor cognitive development among growth-restricted infants who were delivered at or near term. 6,11,12 Whether fetal growth restriction influences the long-term intellectual performance in preterm infants is still disputed. 13 In the present nationwide Swedish study, we investigated whether the associations between anthropometric measurements at birth and risks for low intellectual performance in early adulthood are modified by gestational age. METHODS Data SourcesThe methods of this nationwide Swedish cohort study are described in detail elsewhere. 8 Briefly, we included information from 4 population-based registries: the Swedish Medical Birth Register, the Swedish Conscript Register, the Multi-Generation Register, and the Population and Housing Census of 1990. Record linkage was possible using the unique National Registration Number that is assigned to each Swedish...

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“…Height gain from birth to 9 years was also positively associated with intelligence quotient score at age 11 years (Pearce et al, 2005). Lundgren et al (2001) observed that SGA subjects who attained normal height at conscription presented a better intellectual and psychological performance than those SGA subjects who failed to reach normal adult height. Geva et al (2006) noticed that catch-up growth had a positive impact on visuomotor functioning of SGA subjects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…It is therefore unlikely that the above results have been affected by selection bias. Other studies have assessed the effect of linear growth on intellectual performance (Lundgren et al, 2001;Pearce et al, 2005). Unfortunately, we were not able to assess the effect of linear growth, as information on birth length was not gathered during the perinatal study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight catch-up and achieved schooling at 18 years of age in Brazilian males

et al. 2007

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Objective: To assess the relationship between weight catch-up in infancy and achieved schooling at 18 years of age in Brazilian males. Subjects: All newborn infants in the city's hospitals were enrolled in 1982; 78.8% (2250) of all male participants were located at age 18 years when enrolling in the national army. Results: According to the Brazilian school calendar, 18-year-olds should be attending the 11th grade, but school failure was very common and 78.5% of all subjects had failed at least once. The average achieved schooling was 7.7 years (s.d. ¼ 2.3). After controlling for possible confounding variables, birthweight was positively associated with achieved schooling. With respect to postnatal growth, weight gain in the first 20 months was associated with increased schooling. Among SGA infants who caughtup in weight, achieved schooling was 1.3 higher. Data from a cross-sectional survey in the same population suggest that such a difference corresponds to a 25% difference in adult income levels. Conclusion: The study showed that early weight catch-up is associated with achieved schooling. The beneficial effects of early weight gain should be balanced against its potential harms.

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Intellectual and Psychological Performance in Males Born Small for Gestational Age With and Without Catch-Up Growth

Cited by 201 publications

References 35 publications

Crescimento e desenvolvimento a longo prazo do prematuro extremo

Crescimento e desenvolvimento a longo prazo do prematuro extremo

Risks for Low Intellectual Performance Related to Being Born Small for Gestational Age Are Modified by Gestational Age

Weight catch-up and achieved schooling at 18 years of age in Brazilian males

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