Intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Cross-sectional results from the Berlin Aging Study.

Lindenberger, Ulman; Baltes, Paul B.

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.12.3.410

Cited by 427 publications

(428 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Subsequent cross-sectional analyses of a larger portion of data from the BASE project (n ¼ 516, aged 70-103 years) showed similar results [36]: composite measures of hearing, vision, and balance-gait accounted for 64.5, 74.5, and 82.6% of the age-related variance in general intelligence, defined as a second-order factor comprising the common variance of perceptual speed, reasoning, memory, knowledge, and verbal fluency. Adding an age-continuous sample of younger and middle-aged adults (25 -69 years), these researchers further examined the hypothesized age-related increase in covariation between sensory/sensorimotor and intellectual abilities [8].…”

Section: Correlations Between Sensory Sensorimotor and Cognitive Abmentioning

confidence: 69%

Relations between aging sensory/sensorimotor and cognitive functions

Li¹,

Lindenberger²

2002

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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396

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Recent evidence is reviewed to examine relations among sensory, sensorimotor, and cognitive aging. Age-heterogeneous cross-sectional data sets show substantial covariation among sensory, sensorimotor and intellectual abilities, and an increase in covariation from adulthood to old and very old age. Recent longitudinal analyses suggest that changes in sensory and intellectual functioning are interrelated. Experimental studies investigate the interdependence between cognitive and sensory/sensorimotor aging by examining the effects of simulated sensory loss on cognitive performance, or the effects of cognitive load manipulations on sensory or motor performance. Generally, both types of manipulations hinder older adults' performance more than that of younger adults. Theoretically, the age-associated intensification of the links among sensory, sensorimotor and cognitive functions observed both correlationally and experimentally may point to (a) common causes influencing all three functions; (b) an increase in resource overlap, cross-domain resource competition, and compensatory tradeoffs; and (c) a combination of the two. Future research aiming at discerning the relative import of these possibilities would profit from an integration of experimental and correlational research strategies. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. In this paper, we review evidence for the hypothesized increase of covariation or interdependence between sensory/sensorimotor and cognitive abilities with advancing age. It is well documented that sensory and sensorimotor abilities decline in the course of normative aging [54,57]. As well, extensive coverage of the normative age-related differences, changes, and continuities in cognitive and intellectual abilities is widely available [10,21]. Rather than reviewing these bodies of literature, we will focus selectively on empirical and theoretical work that has addressed the linkages between these domains with respect to adult development. The relevant evidence can be divided into two broad segments: (a) correlational evidence using crosssectional and longitudinal analyses, and (b) experimental evidence of an increased interdependence between domains. The final portion of our review will be devoted to discussing possible theoretical accounts of the documented relationships. Correlations between sensory, sensorimotor, and cognitive abilitiesObserved relationships between intellectual and sensory functioning have been discussed at length in the past several decades [12,54]. More recently, lifespan developmentalist Paul Baltes proposed that whereas before and during middle adulthood, interindividual variability in cognitive status is driven largely by cultural and environmental factors, in late life, variability might be increasingly constrained by biologically-based factors [7]. Subsequent to this proposal, several large-scale cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have examined the age-related changes in relationship between intellectual and sensory/sensorimotor abilities [3 -6,...

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Section: Correlations Between Sensory Sensorimotor and Cognitive Abmentioning

confidence: 69%

Relations between aging sensory/sensorimotor and cognitive functions

Li¹,

Lindenberger²

2002

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

Self Cite

396

264

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“…This ability remained intact for all cognitive functions except general cognitive functioning and learning when health factors were taken into account and therefore may be said to be more specific. The ability to predict mortality did not differ substantially for the cognitive components distinguished in cognitive aging research (43), which were included in our study: information processing speed, fluid intelligence, and memory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive Functioning and Health as Determinants of Mortality in an Older Population

Smits

Deeg

Kriegsman

et al. 1999

American Journal of Epidemiology

131

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The authors studied whether the ability of cognitive functioning to predict mortality is pervasive or specific, and they considered the role of health in the cognition-mortality association. Data were taken from a sample of 2,380 persons aged 55-85 years who took part in the Netherlands' Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam in 1992-1993. Five cognitive measures were distinguished: general cognitive functioning, information processing speed, fluid intelligence, learning, and proportion retained. Mortality data were obtained during an average follow-up period of 1,215 days. Cox proportional hazards regression models revealed that all cognitive functions predicted mortality independent of age, sex, education, and depressive symptoms. When health (self-rated health, medication use, physical performance, functional limitations, lung function, specific chronic diseases) was also taken into account, information processing speed, fluid intelligence, and proportion retained remained independent predictors of mortality, whereas the ability of general cognitive functioning and learning to determine mortality was lost. The authors concluded that the ability of cognitive functioning to predict mortality is pervasive to all cognitive functions that were included in the study when age, sex, education, and depressive symptoms are considered and is more specific to some functions when also controlling for health. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150:978-86.

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“…It is possible that cognitive function and brain structure are cumulatively affected by individual health behavior, years of education, wealth, the ability to cope with stress, personality traits, and indicators of physical health such as body mass index (BMI) (Backman et al, 2006;Colcombe et al, 2003;Craik, 2006;Lindenberger and Baltes, 1997;Salthouse, 2003;Singh-Manoux et al, 2004;Smith, 2003;Springer et al, 2005). Therefore, we also examined the influence of psychosocial and physical health factors on cognitive and structural variables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basal forebrain integrity and cognitive memory profile in healthy aging

Düzel¹,

Münte²,

Lindenberger³

et al. 2010

Brain Research

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Age-related dysfunctions in cholinergic and dopaminergic neuromodulation are assumed to contribute to age-associated impairment of explicit memory. Both neurotransmitters also modulate attention, working memory, and processing speed. To date, in vivo evidence linking structural age-related changes in these neuromodulatory systems to dysfunction within or across these cognitive domains remains scarce. Using a factor analytical approach in a cross-sectional study including 86 healthy older (aged 55 to 83 years) and 24 young (aged 18 to 30 years) adults, we assessed the relationship between structural integrity-as measured by magnetization transfer ratio (MTR)-of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (SN/VTA), main origin of dopaminergic projections, basal forebrain (major origin of cortical cholinergic projections), frontal white matter (FWM), and hippocampus to neuropsychological and psychosocial scores. Basal forebrain MTR and FWM changes correlated with a factor combining verbal learning and memory and working memory and, as indicated by measures of diffusion, were most likely due to vascular pathology. These findings suggest that frontal white matter integrity and cholinergic neuromodulation provide clues as to why age-related cognitive decline is often correlated across cognitive domains. IntroductionAge-related decline in learning and memory, often termed age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) (Crook et al., 1986), is a well-documented finding in healthy older adults (Balota et al., 2000;Cabeza et al., 2000;Craik, 1994;Salthouse, 2003), but the neurobiological correlates of this decline are still under debate. A consistent pattern of AAMI is a decrement in declarative memory (Tulving, 1985) most clearly apparent in impaired free recall and recollection (Buckner, 2004;Craik, 2006;Hedden and Gabrieli, 2004;Nilsson, 2003). Evidence from lesion studies in humans and animals indicates that

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Intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Cross-sectional results from the Berlin Aging Study.

Cited by 427 publications

References 57 publications

Relations between aging sensory/sensorimotor and cognitive functions

Relations between aging sensory/sensorimotor and cognitive functions

Cognitive Functioning and Health as Determinants of Mortality in an Older Population

Basal forebrain integrity and cognitive memory profile in healthy aging

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