This chapter offers a sort of roadmap for the analysis of the relationship between intellectual property right protection and industrial development. The general point is that all successful catching-up episodes occurred under condition of weak IPR regimes, allowing easier knowledge acquisition and imitation. Conversely, strong IPR regimes are strongly promoted by countries on the innovation frontier. Nowadays, the latter, and in particular the US, strategically use IP protection as a mechanism to protect the rent-generating potential stemming from the technological capabilities accumulated in their firms. This is a de facto industrial policy and an “anti-developmental” one, which ought to be matched by “pro-diffusion” policies in catching-up countries.