Intelligence, race, and genetics.

Sternberg, Robert J.; Grigorenko, Elena L.; Kídd, Kenneth K.

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.1.46

Cited by 175 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…For example, the 2010 Census showed that the US population was 308.7 million, with 13% identified as black; however, statistics showed a far higher proportion of black individuals being convicted of crimes, with about 38% of total sentenced prisoners being black (Rastogi, Johnson, Hoeffel, & Drewery, 2011). In line with this, owing to differences in IQ across races (e.g., Herrnstein & Murray, 1994;Hunt, 2011;Rushton & Jensen, 2005;Sternberg, Grigorenko, & Kidd, 2005), the crime rates within a country might not be best reflected by the IQ distribution, particularly within the non-intellectual population. Second, it has been widely accepted that men on average have a significantly higher IQ level than women do, by a range of 3-5 points (Irwing, 2012;Irwing & Lynn, 2005;Jackson & Rushton, 2006;Keith, Reynolds, Patel, & Ridley, 2008;Lynn, 1994Lynn, , 1999Lynn & Irwing, 2004;Nyborg, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Crimes and the Bell curve: The role of people with high, average, and low intelligence

Burhan¹,

Kurniawan²,

Sidek³

et al. 2014

Intelligence

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The present study examines whether crime rates can be reduced by increasing the IQ of people with high, average, and low IQ. Previous studies have shown that as a determinant of the national level of income per capita growth and technological achievement, the IQ of the intellectual class (those at the 95 th percentile of the Bell curve distribution of population intelligence) is more important than the IQ of those with average ability at the 50 th percentile.Extending these findings, our study incorporates the non-intellectual class (IQ at the 5 th percentile) to examine the role of IQ classes in determining crime rates across countries. We conducted hierarchical multiple regression analyses with IQ, seven types of crimes, and nine control variables: urbanization, alcohol consumption, unemployment rate, young to old population ratio, income inequality, education attainment, drug consumption, police rate, and income per capita. Regardless of types of crimes, we found evidence that raising IQ will lessen crime rates, with raises in the 95 th percentile group having the most number of significant impacts, followed by the 50 th and then the 5 th percentile groups. Furthermore, none of the nine control factors was stronger than the 95 th percentile group in predicting crime rates. We conclude that the intellectual class influences rates of more types of crime than the non-intellectual class does. The intellectual class has the highest authority in 2 determining law enforcement and development policies. Therefore, increasing the IQ of politicians and leaders from this class than other social classes will have a more significant influence in reducing crime rates, through enhanced functionality and quality of institutions across countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Crimes and the Bell curve: The role of people with high, average, and low intelligence

Burhan¹,

Kurniawan²,

Sidek³

et al. 2014

Intelligence

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“…Whether it is a useful venture to pursue cross-racial studies of intelligence, as races are defined by the authors, is a rather different issue. Some question whether biological races even exist (Sternberg, Grigorenko, & Kidd, 2005).…”

Section: A Concluding Commentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature, skin color, per capita income, and IQ: An international perspective

Templer

Arikawa²

2006

Intelligence

104

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The impetus for our study was the contention of both Lynn Race differences in intelligence: A global perspective. Mankind Quarterly, 31, 255-296] and Rushton (Rushton . Race, evolution and behavior: A life history perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction; Rushton, J. P. (1997). Race, intelligence, and the brain: The errors and omissions of the revised edition of S.J. Gould's the mismeasurement of man. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 169-180;Rushton, J. P. (2000). Race, evolution, and behavior. A life history perspective (3rd edition). Port Huron: Charles Darwin Research Institute] that persons in colder climates tend to have higher IQs than persons in warmer climates. We correlated mean IQ of 129 countries with per capita income, skin color, and winter and summer temperatures, conceptualizing skin color as a multigenerational reflection of climate. The highest correlations were À 0.92 (rho = À 0.91) for skin color, À0.76 (rho = À0.76) for mean high winter temperature, À0.66 (rho = À 0.68) for mean low winter temperature, and 0.63 (rho = 0.74) for real gross domestic product per capita. The correlations with population of country controlled for are almost identical. Our findings provide strong support for the observation of Lynn and of Rushton that persons in colder climates tend to have higher IQs. These findings could also be viewed as congruent with, although not providing unequivocal evidence for, the contention that higher intelligence evolves in colder climates. The finding of higher IQ in Eurasians than Africans could also be viewed as congruent with the position of Diamond (1997) that knowledge and resources are transmitted more readily on the Eurasian west-east axis. D 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Both Rushton ( , 1997Rushton ( , 2000 and have pointed out that ethnic groups in colder climates score higher on intelligence tests than ethnic groups in warmer climates. They contend that greater intelligence is needed to adapt to a colder climate so that, over many generations, the more intelligent members of a population are more likely to survive and reproduce. Their temperature and IQ analyses have been descriptive rather than quantitative, however. In the present quantitative study, we predicted a negative correlation between IQ and temperature. We hypothesized that correlations would be higher for mean winter temperatures (January in the Northern Hemisphere and July in the Southern Hemisphere) than for mean summer temperatures. Skin color was conceptualized as a variable closely related to temperature. It is viewed by the present authors as a multigenerational reflection of the climates one's ancestors have lived in for thousands of years. Another reason to predict correlations of IQ with temperature and skin color is the product-moment correlation reported by Beals, Smith, and Dodd (1984) from every continent and representing 122 ethnically distinguishable populations. Jensen (1998) reasoned that natural selection would favor a smaller head with a less spherical shape...

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“…As Greenfield (1997) pointed out, only a collectivist society, such as the Maya she has studied, would view collaboration on a test as proper test-taking behavior and therefore acceptable. Indeed, intelligence is viewed differently, and manifests itself differently, in diverse cultures and other groupings (Sternberg, 2004;Sternberg, Grigorenko, & Kidd, 2005). 3.…”

Section: The Definition Of Successful Intelligencementioning

confidence: 99%

The Rainbow Project: Enhancing the SAT through assessments of analytical, practical, and creative skills

2006

Self Cite

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This article describes the formulation and execution of the Rainbow Project, Phase I, funded by the College Board. Past data suggest that the SAT is a good predictor of performance in college. But in terms of the amount of variance explained by the SAT, there is room for improvement, as there would be for virtually any single test battery. Phase I of the Rainbow Project, described here, uses Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence as a basis to provide a supplementary assessment of analytical skills, as well as tests of practical and creative skills, to augment the SAT in predicting college performance. This assessment is delivered through a modification of the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT) and the development of new assessment devices. Results from Phase I of the Rainbow Project support the construct validity of the theory of successful intelligence and suggest its potential for use in college admissions as an enhancement to the SAT. In particular, the results indicated that the triarchically based Rainbow measures enhanced predictive validity for college GPA relative to high school grade point average (GPA) and the SAT and also reduced ethnic group differences. The data suggest that measures such as these potentially could increase diversity and equity in the admissions process.

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Intelligence, race, and genetics.

Cited by 175 publications

References 76 publications

Crimes and the Bell curve: The role of people with high, average, and low intelligence

Crimes and the Bell curve: The role of people with high, average, and low intelligence

Temperature, skin color, per capita income, and IQ: An international perspective

The Rainbow Project: Enhancing the SAT through assessments of analytical, practical, and creative skills

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