Intelligent approaches to performance support

Barker, Philip; Richards, Stephen C.; Banerji, Ashok

doi:10.1080/0968776940020109

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…No microspectrophotometric data on any of the great apes are available for comparison with these predictions. Several species of Old World monkeys have red and green photopigments with peak absorption values that are also very similar to those of the equivalent human pigments (2,(6)(7)(8)(9). Few studies have been done to assess color vision phenotypically among the great apes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sequence divergence of the red and green visual pigments in great apes and humans.

Deeb

Jørgensen²,

Battisti³

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We have determined the coding sequences of red and green visual pigment genes of the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan. The deduced amino acid sequences of these pigments are highly homologous to the equivalent human pigments. None of the amino acid differences occurred at sites that were previously shown to influence pigment absorption characteristics. Therefore, we predict the spectra of red and green pigments of the apes to have wavelengths of maximum absorption that differ by <2 um from the equivalent human pigments and that color vision in these nonhuman primates will be very similar, if not identical, to that in humans. A total of 14 within-species polymorphisms (6 involving silent substitutions) were observed in the coding sequences of the red and green pigment genes of the great apes. Remarkably, the polymorphisms at 6 of these sites had been observed in human populations, suggesting that they predated the evolution of higher primates. Alleles at polymorphic sites were often shared between the red and green pigment genes. The average synonymous rate of divergence of red from green sequences was -4/1Oth that estimated for other proteins of higher primates, indicating the involvement of gene conversion in generating these polymorphisms. The high degree of homology and juxtaposition of these two genes on the X chromosome has promoted unequal recombination and/or gene conversion that led to sequence homogenization. However, natural selection operated to maintain the degree of separation in peak absorbance between the red and green pigments that resulted in optimal chromatic discrimination. This represents a unique case of molecular coevolution between two homologous genes that functionally interact at the behavioral level.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cone pigments are believed to have diverged from an ancestral rod opsin =500 million years ago (23,24 [2][3][4][5] are there critical differences involving a hydroxyl-bearing vs. a nonpolar amino acid. These sites, therefore, are the only ones likely to play a role in tuning the absorption spectrum of the pigments (26,27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence divergence of the red and green visual pigments in great apes and humans.

Deeb

Jørgensen²,

Battisti³

et al. 1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Though the original definitions of EPSS focused on performance enhancement (Bastiaens, Nijhof, Streumer, & Abma, 1997b;Gery, 2002), some practitioners identified its potential to provide an effective on-line learning platform (Barker, 1995;van Schaik, Barker, & Pearson, 2002. The debate concerning the extent to which EPSS actually allows effective on-line learning claims a significant place in the overall discussions of the method.…”

Section: Epss As a Learning Toolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early EPSS literature (Gery, 1989(Gery, , 1991Barker, 1995) suggested EPSSs can be applied as powerful online learning tools in parallel with their performance support abilities. Users performing a task aided by an EPSS should gain better understanding of the procedure and nurture confidence in their ability to perform the task.…”

Section: Learning With An Epssmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementing On-Line Learning and Performance Support Using an EPSS

Gal¹,

Nachmias

2011

IJELL

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Electronic Performance Support Systems (EPSS) is a method for on-line learning and performance support applied in organizations for the last 20 years. EPSS integrates learning as well as task performance into a single action. It does so by providing information and guidance regarding the task according to a specific need and situation, thus allowing learning while working. Up to now, only a few empirical studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of EPSS in supporting task performance, while its ability to provide effective on-line learning remains in question. The current research goal is to assess EPSS effectiveness for both learning and performance support considering a number of primary organizational factors including work/learning environments.The results indicate that EPSS effectiveness is highly dependent on organizational environments and user experience. The findings also suggest a new perspective on former studies which claim EPSS superiority and others who disputed its effectiveness altogether. The research conclusions help in formulating development and implementation guidelines for both learning and performance support personnel by matching EPSS strategies to users' attributes and organizational environments

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