“…This not only enhances system responsiveness but also contributes to energy efficiency, a critical factor in the design of sustainable IoT solutions [ 48 , 49 ]. Moreover, the cost-effectiveness and accessibility of microcontrollers have spurred innovation across industries, from smart homes and healthcare to industrial automation [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. Understanding the pivotal role of microcontrollers in IoT is essential for harnessing their full potential in addressing contemporary challenges and advancing the capabilities of connected devices.…”