“…The main benefit of adapting ANNs are that they can effectively extract significant features and trends from complex data structures even if the underlying physics is either unknown or difficult to recognize. In the field of hydrology, various research results that were produced by the ANNs have reported the improvements in the performances of simulations such as rainfall forecasting (Chiang and Chang, 2009;Chiang et al, 2007a;Hung et al, 2009;Nasseri et al, 2008), reservoir operation (Chandramouli and Deka, 2005;Chang and Chang, 2001;Chaves and Chang, 2008), stream flow forecasting (Akhtar et al, 2009;Chang and Chang, 2006;Chiang et al, 2007b;Maity and Kumar, 2008;Sudheer et al, 2008;Toth, 2009;Sahoo et al, 2009;Besaw et al, 2010), and applications in urban drainage systems (Bruen and Yang, 2006;Loke et al, 1997).…”