Intense near-infrared electrochemiluminescence facilitated by energy transfer in bimetallic Ir-Ru metallopolymers

Engineered Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors for Monitoring Heavy Metal Ions: Current Status and Prospects

“…Porphyrins are renowned for their outstanding characteristics, including high absorbance of visible light, a tunable band gap, and favorable optical and redox properties. Furthermore, the majority of porphyrins exhibit deep-penetrating red or near-infrared fluorescence (FL) emissions [97]. In Yu's research, as an illustration, they effectively created luminescent MOFs based on porphyrins (pMOFs) and achieved a consistent improvement in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signals [98].…”

Recent advances and future prospects of the potential-resolved strategy in ratiometric, multiplex, and multicolor electrochemiluminescence analysis

“…The mixed annihilation ECL of metal chelates containing more than one organic compound or a transition-metal chelate with a nonemissive organic compound [175] to generate the relative intensity of multiple luminophores (and thus overall emission color) that can be controlled initially by selecting the electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of the complexes, as well as the applied electrochemical potentials, was explored. The factors controlling the ECL emission color in mixed annihilation ECL are (1) the relative concentrations of two complexes [176][177][178]; (2) the relative ECL quantum yields; and (3) the efficiency of various energy transfer pathways [179], such as RET or electron transfer/exchange, among the numerous oxidized, reduced, ground, and/or excited states of the complexes that are probably determined by the numerous closely spaced reductions and oxidations of the mixed system. Kerr et al [175] created the mixed annihilation ECL system of transition-metal complexes (combining (Ru(bpy)3) 2+ with a range of Ir(III) complexes), wherein the relative strength of the emissions could be adjusted by the applied voltage to alter the overall hue of the luminescence.…”

Synthesis and comparison study of electrochemiluminescence from mononuclear and corresponding heterodinuclear Ir–Ru complexes via an amide bond as a bridge

“…4 It is well known that large numbers of iridium complexes with various kinds of coordination ligands have been synthesized and the corresponding relationships between chemical structure and ECL performance have also been extensively investigated in the past few years. 24,25 However, compared with the widespread reports on mononuclear iridium complexes, there are only a few reports on the ECL studies of iridium-ruthenium heterodinuclear complexes, including the non-Kekulé-structured iridium-ruthenium lumi-nophores with spatially separated HOMO and LUMO designed by Schmittel et al, 18 a stoichiometric ruthenium(II)-iridium(III) complex soft salt reported by Ding et al, 26 methylene-bridged Ir/Ru-based ECL labels illustrated by Sun et al, 27 and bimetallic Ir-Ru metallopolymers with intense NIR ECL via energy transfer demonstrated by the Hogan et al 28 The unique potential-resolved multicolor emission demonstrated in these limited reports greatly encourages us to synthesise new kinds of Ir-Ru heterodinuclear complexes and thoroughly investigate the corresponding inherent ECL properties between the two mononuclear subunits and the final integrated heterodinuclear complex.…”