Intensification of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency in the Rat by Dietary trans Fatty Acids

Hill, Eldon G.; Johnson, Susan B.; Holman, Ralph T.

doi:10.1093/jn/109.10.1759

Cited by 80 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The decrease of arachidonic acid was accompanied by an increase of eicosatrienoic acid characteristic of essential fatty acid deficiency (10). The animals of the hydrogenated fat group were essential fatty acid-deficient (10), as explained in MATERIALS AND METHODS.…”

Section: And Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The corn oil group was considered normal and the hydrogenated beef tallow group essential fatty acid deficient (10). Table 3.…”

Section: And Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effects of corn oil or fish oil feeding on level of plasma free fatty acids . The corn oil group was considered normal, and the hydrogenated fat group essential fatty acid-deficient (10). See the footnotes to When the fat cells taken from epididymal adipose tissue were incubated with epinephrine, the glycerol release showed a maximal activity at 10-5M epinephrine in the linoleic acid-deficient rats, but at 10-6M in the corn oil-fed controls (Fig.…”

Section: And Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After 2months, the latter rats exhibited a decrease in weight gain and scaliness of tails. When the ratio of triene/tetraene (n-9 eicosatrienoic acid/arachidonic acid) in plasma phospholipids is above 0 .4, the animals are considered deficient in essential fatty acid (10). The ratios of the animals used in this experiment were above 2.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Physiological impairment in linoleic acid deficiency of rats and the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Iritani

Yumiko

Fukuda

1984

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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Section: And Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The corn oil group was considered normal and the hydrogenated beef tallow group essential fatty acid deficient (10). Table 3.…”

Section: And Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: And Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Physiological impairment in linoleic acid deficiency of rats and the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Iritani

Yumiko

Fukuda

1984

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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“…Rats were weighed periodically and dermatitis was scored at 31 weeks (11, 12) when they were sacrificed under ether anesthesia and livers and hearts were taken for analysis. Microsomes were prepared from individual livers and stored briefly at -70°C until used for desaturase assays (6,7,13). Tissue lipids were extracted, total phospholipids were isolated, and methyl esters were prepared and analyzed by gas/liquid chromatography (6) using a 20 ft x 1/8 in.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perturbation of the metabolism of essential fatty acids by dietary partially hydrogenated vegetable oil.

Hill¹,

Johnson²,

Lawson³

et al. 1982

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Rats were fed purified diets containing (i) partially hydrogenated soybean oil as source ofisomeric octadecenoic acids, (ii) hydrogenated coconut oil as source of saturated fatty acids, and (iii) a low level of corn oil as low-fat control. All diets contained 18% of the linoleate requirement. Rat liver and heart phospholipids were analyzed by gas/liquid chromatography for fatty acids, and liver microsomes were assayed for desaturase (acyl-CoA, hydrogen-donor: oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.99.5) activities. Products of desaturation reactions measured analytically provided more information with greater statistical significance than did the enzymatic assays. Rats fed isomeric octadecenoic acids showed more severe essential fatty acid deficiency than did saturated-fat and control groups. The suppression of linoleate metabolites was largely due to decreased A5 and A6 desaturase activities. At several levels of linoleate, the deficiency was more severe at the higher level ofisomeric octadecenoic acids. Increasing the intake of linoleate to 7.5% of calories did not suppress deposition of isomeric unsaturated acids in tissue lipids.High levels ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids (Pufa) in many dietary vegetable oils make them extremely vulnerable to autoxidation, decreasing their Pufa content and producing objectionable and toxic products. This characteristic limits the useful lifetime in exposure to air and causes problems in distribution and storage. Partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils produces fats of desired physical property, lessens rancidity and off-flavors, increases shelf life, and makes available inexpensive food fats on a large scale, but it diminishes Pufa content, increases saturated acids, and increases ciS and trans positional isomers of monoenoic acids, many of which are rare in nature and whose metabolism is not known. trans isomeric acids are better known because they are more abundant in hydrogenated oils and are more easily measured than the cis isomers that accompany them. trans acids are known to be incorporated into tissue lipids at appreciable levels (1-6), and isomers of common unsaturated fatty acids affect Pufa metabolism (6-10). Dietary fat containing appreciable isomeric 18:1t acids intensifies essential fatty acid (Efa) deficiency and affects desaturase (acyl-CoA, hydrogendonor: oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.99.5) activities assayed in vitro (6). Effects ofisomeric unsaturated acids on Efa metabolism are studied here in greater detail, using an analytical approach to measure metabolic activities at each step in the conversion of dietary Efa to longer and more highly unsaturated acids. This study compares such analyses with enzymatic assays and presents data to evaluate some of the changes in Pufa metabolism attributable to high levels of isomeric octadecenoic acids in dietary fat. MATERIALS AND METHODSMale weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were housed individually and fed semipurified diets and water ad lib. The diets were a modified Efa-deficient diet (6) with fat substitutions made at the expense o...

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Mood Food

Rose¹

2010

Arch Intern Med

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Background Much lore but few studies describe a relation of chocolate to mood. We examined the cross-sectional relationship of chocolate consumption with depressed mood in adult men and women. Methods A sample of 1018 adults (694 men and 324 women) from San Diego, California, without diabetes or known coronary artery disease was studied in a cross-sectional analysis. The 931 subjects who were not using antidepressant medications and provided chocolate consumption information were the focus of the analysis. Mood was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Cut points signaling a positive depression screen result (CES-D score, ≥16) and probable major depression (CES-D score, ≥22) were used. Chocolate servings per week were provided by 1009 subjects. Chocolate consumption frequency and rate data from the Fred Hutchinson Food Frequency Questionnaire were also available for 839 subjects. Chocolate consumption was compared for those with lower vs higher CES-D scores. In addition, a test of trend was performed. Results Those screening positive for possible depression (CES-D score ≥16) had higher chocolate consumption (8.4 servings per month) than those not screening positive (5.4 servings per month) (P = .004); those with still higher CES-D scores (≥22) had still higher chocolate consumption (11.8 servings per month) (P value for trend, <.01). These associations extended to both men and women. These findings did not appear to be explained by a general increase in fat, carbohydrate, or energy intake. Conclusion Higher CES-D depression scores were associated with greater chocolate consumption. Whether there is a causal connection, and if so in which direction, is a matter for future prospective study.

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Intensification of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency in the Rat by Dietary trans Fatty Acids

Cited by 80 publications

References 21 publications

Physiological impairment in linoleic acid deficiency of rats and the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Physiological impairment in linoleic acid deficiency of rats and the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Perturbation of the metabolism of essential fatty acids by dietary partially hydrogenated vegetable oil.

Mood Food

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