Intensification of monostearin (phase change material) synthesis in infrared radiated rotating reactor: Optimization and heterogeneous kinetics

Efficient monooleoyl glycerol synthesis employing hybrid ultrasonic‐infrared‐wave promoted reactor: Concurrent catalytic and noncatalytic esterification kinetics

“…Table clarifies that, for all reactor configurations, external diffusional resistance was negligible. The Mears condition for external diffusional resistance ( M EDR ) illustrates that when M EDR ≤ 0.15 the presence of external mass transfer resistance was negligible, whereas for M EDR ≻ 0.15 external mass transfer resistance was prominent . Hence, from Table , M EDR ≺ 0.15 implied that the effect of external resistance on Gl/ODA esterification was insignificant.…”

“…The Mears condition for external diffusional resistance (M EDR ) illustrates that when M EDR ≤ 0.15 the presence of external mass transfer resistance was negligible, whereas for M EDR ≻ 0.15 external mass transfer resistance was prominent. 10 Hence, from Table 4, M EDR ≺ 0.15 implied that the effect of external resistance on Gl/ODA esterification was insignificant. Again, it could be observed from the analyses that the involvement of ultrasonic wave could dramatically lower M EDR with a corresponding increase in k ED .…”

Quartz halogen‐ultrasonication integrated rotating reactor for efficient photocatalytic‐thermocatalytic synthesis of glyceryl monocaprin: Kinetics of heterogeneous esterification

“…Figure 3a portrays the experiments executed only under ultrasonic wave energy (USWE). 25 Besides, a further increase in QHR power up to 200 W escalated CA conversion to 88% ± 0.5%. This was because USWE created shock waves from the peizo zone due to symmetrical collapse of cavitation bubbles that rendered compression and rarefaction of the reactant media.…”

“…This considerable improvement was due to the penetrating influence of QHRWE at the molecular level that caused robust molecular collision due to bending and stretching vibration of bonds resulting in 12% more CA conversion compared with USWE under otherwise identical operating conditions. 25 Besides, a further increase in QHR power up to 200 W escalated CA conversion to 88% ± 0.5%. However, at 250 W QHR power input, no further substantial improvement in CA conversion (90% ± 0.5%) could be observed; hence, 200 W QHR power was selected for the esterification study concerning the aspect of choosing sustainable energy-efficient reactors.…”

Thermal management investigation for lithium-ion battery module with different phase change materials

“…This would assist in further development of batteries for application in EV/HEV. [13][14][15] The main objective of a BTMS is to maintain the battery modules at uniform temperature during operating processes under different environmental conditions, and to improve safety performance and cycling life time. Recently, many studies have concentrated on forced air-based cooling strategies using experimental and simulation methods in different arrangement structures, which could mitigate temperature rise in the battery directly.…”