“…The charge density of the soft layer was evaluated as a function of pH, and eqs and were utilized to compute it. , ρ PEL , normalP = ρ PEL , 0 ( [ H + ] K α , P + false[ normalH + false] ) ρ PEL , normalN = ρ PEL , 0 ( K α , N K α , N + false[ normalH + false] ) In these equations, ρ PEL,P , ρ PEL,N , K α,P , and K α,N correspond to the charge density of the positive soft layer, the charge density of the negative soft layer, and the dissociation constants of the positively and negatively charged soft layers, respectively. ρ PEL,0 is the volume charge density of the soft layer, which is derived from the equation ρ PEL,0 = e Z PEL N PEL , where N PEL , Z PEL , and e represent the charge density of functional groups in the soft layer, the fixed charged species of the soft layer, and the electron charge, respectively …”