Intensive Exercise Does Not Preferentially Mobilize Skin-Homing T Cells and NK Cells

Turner, James; Wadley, Alexander J.; Aldred, Sarah; Fisher, James; Bosch, Jos A.; Campbell, John P.

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000914

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Principles of the acute stress/exercise immune-enhancement hypothesis continue to be investigated. For example, it has recently been shown that acute exercise does not preferentially mobilize CD8 + T cells and natural killer cells with the capacity for skin-homing ( 118 ). However, skin-homing in this context is a role that may be fulfilled by exercise-responsive mucosal-associated invariant T cells ( 119 ); but further work is needed in this area.…”

Section: Part A: Is It Time To Close the Shutters On The “Open-windowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan

Campbell¹,

Turner²

2018

Front. Immunol.

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490

429

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Epidemiological evidence indicates that regular physical activity and/or frequent structured exercise reduces the incidence of many chronic diseases in older age, including communicable diseases such as viral and bacterial infections, as well as non-communicable diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammatory disorders. Despite the apparent health benefits achieved by leading an active lifestyle, which imply that regular physical activity and frequent exercise enhance immune competency and regulation, the effect of a single bout of exercise on immune function remains a controversial topic. Indeed, to this day, it is perceived by many that a vigorous bout of exercise can temporarily suppress immune function. In the first part of this review, we deconstruct the key pillars which lay the foundation to this theory—referred to as the “open window” hypothesis—and highlight that: (i) limited reliable evidence exists to support the claim that vigorous exercise heightens risk of opportunistic infections; (ii) purported changes to mucosal immunity, namely salivary IgA levels, after exercise do not signpost a period of immune suppression; and (iii) the dramatic reductions to lymphocyte numbers and function 1–2 h after exercise reflects a transient and time-dependent redistribution of immune cells to peripheral tissues, resulting in a heightened state of immune surveillance and immune regulation, as opposed to immune suppression. In the second part of this review, we provide evidence that frequent exercise enhances—rather than suppresses—immune competency, and highlight key findings from human vaccination studies which show heightened responses to bacterial and viral antigens following bouts of exercise. Finally, in the third part of this review, we highlight that regular physical activity and frequent exercise might limit or delay aging of the immune system, providing further evidence that exercise is beneficial for immunological health. In summary, the over-arching aim of this review is to rebalance opinion over the perceived relationships between exercise and immune function. We emphasize that it is a misconception to label any form of acute exercise as immunosuppressive, and, instead, exercise most likely improves immune competency across the lifespan.

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Section: Part A: Is It Time To Close the Shutters On The “Open-windowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan

Campbell¹,

Turner²

2018

Front. Immunol.

Self Cite

490

429

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“…[61][62][63] In peripheral blood, this marker has been reported to be expressed on 17% of CD4 cells and 11% of CD8 cells, 64 primarily on central and effector memory cells. 65 To our knowledge, this marker has not been examined systematically in peripheral blood of contact-allergic patients, or previously correlated with the severity of allergy. It may be that this increase in CLA expression reflects activation of T cells as a result of the patch test applied 4 days prior to the blood draw, or could represent a bystander effect, with cytokines produced by allergen-specific T cells non-specifically activating other T lymphocytes.…”

Section: The Final Features Of T Cells Isolated From Sensitized Indivmentioning

confidence: 99%

T lymphocyte phenotype of contact‐allergic patients: experience with nickel and p‐phenylenediamine

et al. 2019

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Background: There is considerable interest in understanding the immunological variables that have the greatest influence on the effectiveness of sensitization by contact allergens, particularly in the context of developing new paradigms for risk assessment of novel compounds.Objectives: To examine the relationship between patch test score for three different contact allergens and the characteristics of T cell responses.Methods: A total of 192 patients with confirmed nickel, p-phenylenediamine (PPD) or methylisothiazolinone (MI) allergy were recruited from the Contact Dermatitis Investigation Unit at Salford Royal Hospital. Severity of allergy was scored by the use of patch testing, peripheral blood lymphocytes were characterized for T cell phenotype by flow cytometry, and proliferative activity was characterized by radiolabelled thymidine incorporation. Comparisons were drawn with buffy coat samples from healthy volunteers.Results: Patch test positivity for nickel, PPD and MI was associated with changes in the phenotype of peripheral blood T cells: increases in naïve cells, decreases in regulatory T cell frequency and the CD4 + /CD8 hi ratio, and increased expression of the skin-homing marker cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA), particularly for those patients with a +++ patch test score.Conclusions: This increased understanding of the characteristics of the T cell responses to contact allergens may provide parameters with which to better measure health risks associated with skin sensitization. K E Y W O R D SCD4, CD8, inverted CD4/CD8, skin-homing CLA, lymphocyte transformation test, T cell phenotype, RRID:SCR_001905

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“…In study one, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from nine participants (age: 22.1 ± 3.4 years; height: 180.5 ± 6.1 cm; weight: 78.1 ± 11.0 kg; body mass index: 24.0 ± 3.1 kg·m 2 ; _ VO 2 MAX : 43.8 ± 4.1 ml·kg·min − 1 ) as previously described [44][45][46]. All participants were non-smokers, and refrained from taking vitamin supplements and anti-inflammatory medication for fourteen days, and did not exercise and consume alcohol of caffeine for two days prior to testing.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Values presented are the average workload over the entire exercise protocol and were obtained directly from the electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer (Lode Excalibur Sport, Groningen, Netherlands). Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded using the Borg Scale every minute and RPE results are presented as the maximal RPE during the trial [44][45][46]. In study two, participants completed a 30 min exercise trial at a workload corresponding to +5% of the individual blood lactate threshold.…”

Section: Experimental Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-induced B cell mobilisation: Preliminary evidence for an influx of immature cells into the bloodstream

Turner

Spielmann

Wadley

et al. 2016

Physiology & Behavior

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The number of peripheral blood B lymphocytes doubles during acute exercise, but the phenotypic composition of this response remains unknown. In two independent exercise studies, using complimentary phenotyping strategies, we investigated the mobilisation patterns of distinct B cell subsets. In study one, nine healthy males (mean±SD age: 22.1±3.4years) completed a continuous cycling bout at 80% V̇O2MAX for 20min. In study two, seven healthy experienced cyclists (mean±SD age: 29.9±4.7years) completed a 30min cycling trial at a workload corresponding to +5% of the individual blood lactate threshold. In study one, CD3-CD19+ B cell subsets were classified into immature (CD27-CD10+), naïve (CD27-CD10-), memory (CD27+CD38-), plasma cells/plasmablasts (CD27+CD38+) and finally, recently purported 'B1' cells (CD27+ CD43+ CD69-). In study two, CD20+ B cells were classified into immature (CD27-IgD-), naïve (CD27-IgD+), and IgM+/IgG+/IgA+ memory cells (CD27+IgD-). Total B cells exhibited a mean increase of 88% (study one) and 60% (study two) during exercise. In both studies, immature cells displayed the greatest increase, followed by memory cells, then naïve cells (study one: immature 130%>mature 105%>naïve 84%; study two: immature 110%>mature 56%>naïve 38%). Our findings show that, unlike T cells and NK cells, B cell mobilisation is not driven by effector status, and, for the first time, that B cell mobilisation during exercise is comprised of immature CD27- IgD-/CD10+ cells.

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Intensive Exercise Does Not Preferentially Mobilize Skin-Homing T Cells and NK Cells

Cited by 20 publications

References 36 publications

Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan

Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan

T lymphocyte phenotype of contact‐allergic patients: experience with nickel and p‐phenylenediamine

Exercise-induced B cell mobilisation: Preliminary evidence for an influx of immature cells into the bloodstream

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