“…Perceived effectiveness may be examined by directly asking participants whether a given strategy helped or changed how they felt (e.g., Daniel et al, 2019) or may be deduced from negative affect ratings following emotion-regulation efforts (e.g., King et al, 2018). Alternatively, identifying strategy effectiveness may be tied to specific events or outcomes also measured via EMA, such as physical health symptoms (e.g., Massey et al, 2009) or alcohol/substance use (e.g., Roos et al, 2020). Furthermore, given the ability to ask a range of questions within one set of momentary surveys, multiple components of the emotion-regulation process may be examined simultaneously using this method; indeed, several studies have included inquiries about both strategy use and effectiveness (e.g., Daniel et al, 2019;Lennarz et al, 2019) or context and strategy use (e.g., Stone et al, 2019).…”