Intentional Failure of a 5000 psig Hydrogen Cylinder Installed in an SUV Without Standard Required Safety Devices

Weyandt, Nathan

doi:10.4271/2007-01-0431

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Said rupture is usually caused by a fire in the vessel's surroundings. The fire drastically increases the temperature and causes the pressure inside the vessel to increase until the vessel's material is not able to withstand the load anymore and ruptures [41]. The initial fire can cause the hydrogen to explode.…”

Section: Pressurized Hydrogen Storage In Vesselsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Considerations of Hydrogen Application in Shipping in Comparison to LNG

et al. 2022

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Shipping accounts for about 3% of global CO2 emissions. In order to achieve the target set by the Paris Agreement, IMO introduced their GHG strategy. This strategy envisages 50% emission reduction from international shipping by 2050, compared with 2008. This target cannot be fulfilled if conventional fuels are used. Amongst others, hydrogen is considered to be one of the strong candidates as a zero-emissions fuel. Yet, concerns around the safety of its storage and usage have been formulated and need to be addressed. “Safety”, in this article, is defined as the control of recognized hazards to achieve an acceptable level of risk. This article aims to propose a new way of comparing two systems with regard to their safety. Since safety cannot be directly measured, fuzzy set theory is used to compare linguistic terms such as “safer”. This method is proposed to be used during the alternative design approach. This approach is necessary for deviations from IMO rules, for example, when hydrogen should be used in shipping. Additionally, the properties of hydrogen that can pose a hazard, such as its wide flammability range, are identified.

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Section: Pressurized Hydrogen Storage In Vesselsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Considerations of Hydrogen Application in Shipping in Comparison to LNG

et al. 2022

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“…The tank rupture happens as a result of the exposure of the CHSS to a fire provided that both the safety barriers, i.e., TPRD activation by high temperatures, and putting out the fire fail. The sequence of events for an incident is as follows: Experimental [29][30][31] and numerical [4,13,32,33] studies on the performance of hydrogen storage tanks in a fire, the consequences of tank rupture, and the mechanism of blast wave formation and decay have been carried out for the open atmosphere. Only partial data are available on high-explosive charges with the mass equivalent to that of trinitrotoluene (TNT).…”

Section: Consequence Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Risk Assessment Methodology for Hydrogen Tank Rupture in a Tunnel Fire

Kashkarov

Dadashzadeh²,

Sivaraman

et al. 2022

Hydrogen

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This study presents a methodology of a quantitative risk assessment for the scenario of an onboard hydrogen storage tank rupture and tunnel fire incident. The application of the methodology is demonstrated on a road tunnel. The consequence analysis is carried out for the rupture of a 70 MPa, 62.4-litre hydrogen storage tank in a fire, that has a thermally activated pressure relief device (TPRD) failed or blocked during an incident. Scenarios with two states of charge (SoC) of the tank, i.e., SoC = 99% and SoC = 59%, are investigated. The risks in terms of fatalities per vehicle per year and the cost per incident are assessed. It is found that for the reduction in the risk with the hydrogen-powered vehicle in a road tunnel fire incident to the acceptable level of 10−5 fatality/vehicle/year, the fire-resistance rating (FRR) of the hydrogen storage tank should exceed 84 min. The FRR increase to this level reduces the societal risk to an acceptable level. The increase in the FRR to 91 min reduces the risk in terms of the cost of the incident to GBP 300, following the threshold cost of minor injury published by the UK Health and Safety Executive. The Frequency–Number (F–N) of the fatalities curve is developed to demonstrate the effect of mitigation measures on the risk reduction to socially acceptable levels. The performed sensitivity study confirms that with the broad range of input parameters, including the fire brigade response time, the risk of rupture of standard hydrogen tank-TPRD systems inside the road tunnel is unacceptable. One of the solutions enabling an inherently safer use of hydrogen-powered vehicles in tunnels is the implementation of breakthrough safety technology—the explosion free in a fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks.

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“…The fire resistance rating (FRR), i.e. time to tank rupture in a fire without TPRD (simulation of scenarios of a localised fire, failed or blocked TPRD), of currently used tanks is 4-6 min as evidenced by experimental data [13], [14]. The FRR decreases with the increase of HRR/A and reaches a "plateau" at HRR/A>1 MW/m 2 [15].…”

Section: Dependence Of Tank Frr On Hrr/a In a Firementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 5. The FRR as a function of HRR/A [13]-[15],[46],[48],[53]-[55].The experimental FRR points at HRR/A=0.29 MW/m 2 and HRR/A=0.62 MW/m 2 are obtained for 36 L and 70 MPa Type IV tanks in engulfing fire tests with a premixed methane-air (𝐶𝐻 -air) burner in the closed facility filled in by nitrogen[46]. Previously performed CFD simulations of these two tests are shown by light purple triangles.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%