“…Mental Arithmetic Task. Earlier studies have shown that mental arithmetic procedures can increase activity in muscle tension, skin temperature, heart rate, electrodermal response, and systolic blood pressure (e.g., Anderson, 1989;Arena, 1984). After reviewing the protocols of several investigators (Carlson, Collins, Stewart, Porzelius, Nitz, & Lind, 1989;Donat & McCullough, 1983;Subotnik & Shapiro, 1984), a oneminute arithmetic task was devised for the present study: participants were given a three digit number on a 4x6 card and asked to count aloud backwards by increments of 13.…”