Word count: 4,401 Word count for introduction, discussion sections, notes and acknowledgements: 1,958Authors' note: Nosek is an officer and Axt is a consultant of Project Implicit Inc., a non-profit organization that includes in its mission "To develop and deliver methods for investigating and applying phenomena of implicit social cognition, including especially phenomena of implicit bias based on age, race, gender or other factors." Author contributions: J. A. and B.N. developed the paper's outline and concept. J.A. analyzed the data from Study 1 and 3. C.E. analyzed the data from Study 2. J.A. drafted and B. N. and C. E. edited the paper. All authors approved the final version of the paper for submission. We thank Grant Garland for assistance with data collection and analysis for Study 1, as well as Nicole Lindner for providing data for Study 3.
Author Contact InformationJordan Axt Department of Psychology, University of Virginia Box 400400 Charlottesville VA, 22904-4400 jaxt@virginia.edu
RULES OF IMPLICIT RACE, RELIGION AND AGE EVALUATIONS AbstractThe social world is stratified. Social hierarchies are known but often disavowed as anachronisms or unjust. Nonetheless, hierarchies may persist in social memory. In three studies (total N > 200,000), we found evidence of social hierarchies in implicit evaluation by race, religion, and age. Across racial groups, implicit positive associations followed this rule: my racial group > Whites > Asians > Blacks > Hispanics. Each racial group evaluated its own group most positively, with the remaining three groups ordered identically following it. Across religions,