Occupational exposure to nickel oxide (NiO) is an important cause of respiratory tract
cancer. Toxicity is known to be associated with the dissociated component, i.e. nickel
(II) ions. To address the relationship between physicochemical properties, including
solubility in artificial lysosomal fluid, of NiO and time-course changes in the pulmonary
response, we conducted an intratracheal instillation study in male Fischer rats using four
different well-characterized NiO products, US3352 (NiO A), NovaWireNi01 (NiO B), I small
particle (NiO C), and 637130 (NiO D). The NiOs were suspended in purified water and
instilled once intratracheally into male F344 rats (12 weeks old) at 0 (vehicle control),
0.67, 2, and 6 mg/kg body weight. The animals were euthanized on days 3, 28, or 91 after
instillation, and blood analysis, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) testing, and
histopathological examination were performed. The most soluble product, NiO B, caused the
most severe systemic toxicity, leading to a high mortality rate, but the response was
transient and surviving animals recovered. The second-most-soluble material, NiO D, and
the third, NiO A, caused evident pulmonary inflammation, and the responses persisted for
at least 91 days with collagen proliferation. In contrast, NiO C induced barely detectable
inflammation in the BALF examination, and no marked changes were noted on histopathology.
These results indicate that the early phase toxic potential of NiO products, but not the
persistence of pulmonary inflammation, is associated with their solubility.