“…Eukaryotes have about 20 standard amino acids. Therefore, protein materials are varied due to the multiplicity of amino acids, the wide range of "dehydration condensation" sites, and the diversity of the spatial structure of peptides (Chen et al, 2023(Chen et al, , 2020. At the same time, under the effect of external physicochemical factors, the protein molecules or their spatial conformation will be changed, which gives proteins diverse physical and chemical properties, such as gelation, emulsification, water retention, precipitation, and denaturation (Han et al, 2023;Wu et al, 2022).…”