Interaction between drug delivery vehicles and cells under the effect of shear stress

Abstract

Over the last decades, researchers have developed an ever greater and more ingenious variety of drug delivery vehicles (DDVs). This has made it possible to encapsulate a wide selection of therapeutic agents, ranging from proteins, enzymes, and peptides to hydrophilic and hydrophobic small drugs while, at the same time, allowing for drug release to be triggered through a diverse range of physical and chemical cues. While these advances are impressive, the field has been lacking behind in translating these systems into the clinic, mainly due to low predictability of in vitro and rodent in vivo models. An important factor within the complex and dynamic human in vivo environment is the shear flow observed within our circulatory system and many other tissues. Within this review, recent advances to leverage microfluidic devices to better mimic these conditions through novel in vitro assays are summarized. By grouping the discussion in three prominent classes of DDVs (lipidic and polymeric particles as well as inorganic nanoparticles), we hope to guide researchers within drug delivery into this exciting field and advance a further implementation of these assay systems within the development of DDVs. V C 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

Phospholipid—polymer amphiphile hybrid assemblies and their interaction with macrophages

“…From a different perspective, over the past few years, a move towards investigating interactions of nano-sized drug carriers with mammalian cells with applied shear stress created by the flow of cell culture media over the cells has been observed, especially when considering endothelial cells. [19][20][21][22][23][24] There is a growing understanding in the field that static cell culture neglects effects arising from shear stress-whereas these considerations are often more than minor in the context of drug delivery as recently reviewed by Godoy-Gallardo et al 25 For instance, we have recently shown that the intracellular delivery of model compounds was significantly enhanced with applied shear stress. 26,27 Apart from the predominantly employed endothelial cells, which line our blood vessels and are therefore permanently exposed to blood flow induced shear stress, macrophages are important to investigate in this context.…”

Subcompartmentalized Nanoreactors as Artificial Organelle with Intracellular Activity

“…Applied Shear Stress : Assessing the interaction of drug carriers and cells, using predominantly endothelial cells, with applied shear stress starts to be recognized as an important factor as recently reviewed by Godoy‐Gallardo et al Endothelial cells line our blood vessel and are therefore permanently exposed to blood flow. Furthermore, circulating macrophages experience the same mechanical forces, and its relevance has recently been reported by us and others .…”

Nanoindentation of Graphene/Phospholipid Nanocomposite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

“…The pressure of the CNT tip led to the growth of adhesion energy between graphene sheets and DPPC molecules. It is known that, getting into blood vessels, drug carriers sense abnormally high shear stresses [ 34 , 35 ], so the discovered effect of “phospholipid strengthening” by the graphene sheets’ coating can be used in the field of drug delivery. It was found that the electron transfer between CNT and graphene/DPPC composites increased during indentation and reached 0.16 e. At this moment, the phospholipid molecule stopped to act as a “buffer” of charge between the two graphene sheets.…”