Interaction between emotional state and learning underlies mood instability

Eldar, Eran; Niv, Yaron

doi:10.1038/ncomms7149

Cited by 177 publications

(275 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…In pathological conditions, time may be needed to adjust to the new, less negative perception of costs, as well as the reduced emotional bias, and convert these implicit changes into a conscious subjective improvement that can be reported to the practitioner (Harmer et al, 2009; Cools et al, 2011). This idea has been formalized in a recent study showing how positive and negative outcomes can shape mood on the long run (Eldar and Niv, 2015). Further studies in depressed patients are needed to assess whether an early detection of effort cost attenuation could be used to predict long-term treatment effects on clinical symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A specific role for serotonin in overcoming effort cost

Meyniel

Goodwin

Deakin

et al. 2016

eLife

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Serotonin is implicated in many aspects of behavioral regulation. Theoretical attempts to unify the multiple roles assigned to serotonin proposed that it regulates the impact of costs, such as delay or punishment, on action selection. Here, we show that serotonin also regulates other types of action costs such as effort. We compared behavioral performance in 58 healthy humans treated during 8 weeks with either placebo or the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram. The task involved trading handgrip force production against monetary benefits. Participants in the escitalopram group produced more effort and thereby achieved a higher payoff. Crucially, our computational analysis showed that this effect was underpinned by a specific reduction of effort cost, and not by any change in the weight of monetary incentives. This specific computational effect sheds new light on the physiological role of serotonin in behavioral regulation and on the clinical effect of drugs for depression.Clinical trial Registration: ISRCTN75872983DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17282.001

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A specific role for serotonin in overcoming effort cost

Meyniel

Goodwin

Deakin

et al. 2016

eLife

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“…This study is the first to demonstrate that the positivity bias in the influence of social feedback on self-perception—previously observed in healthy adults (Korn et al, 2012)—is absent or reversed in a clinical sample of socially anxious adults. It is also the first study we know of to apply computational modeling to understanding how feelings about the self—or state self-esteem —are dynamically updated or learned in response to social performance feedback (in any population) (for related computational models of social reinforcement learning and state happiness, see e.g., Eldar & Niv, 2015; Eldar, Rutledge, Dolan, & Niv, 2016; Jones et al, 2011; Rutledge, Skandali, Dayan, & Dolan, 2014; Zaki, Kallman, Wimmer, Ochsner, & Shohamy, 2016). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social anxiety is characterized by biased learning about performance and the self.

Koban¹,

Schneider²,

Ashar³

et al. 2017

Emotion

104

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People learn about their self from social information, and recent work suggests that healthy adults show a positive bias for learning self-related information. In contrast, social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by a negative view of the self, yet what causes and maintains this negative self-view is not well understood. Here we employ a novel experimental paradigm and computational model to test the hypothesis that biased social learning regarding self-evaluation and self-feelings represents a core feature that distinguishes adults with SAD from healthy controls. Twenty-one adults with SAD and 35 healthy controls (HC) performed a speech in front of three judges. They subsequently evaluated themselves and received performance feedback from the judges, and then rated how they felt about themselves and the judges. Affective updating (i.e., change in feelings about the self over time, in response to feedback from the judges) was modeled using an adapted Rescorla-Wagner learning model. HC demonstrated a positivity bias in affective updating, which was absent in SAD. Further, self-performance ratings revealed group differences in learning from positive feedback—a difference that endured at an average of 1 year follow up. These findings demonstrate the presence and long-term endurance of positively biased social learning about the self among healthy adults, a bias that is absent or reversed among socially anxious adults.

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“…Future research may take a more integrative perspective by examining how susceptibility to biases, such as those described here, relate to altered decisions and behavior in a suicidal crisis, and neural signals during decision-making and learning tasks, by looking specifically at the interaction between emotional states and decision-making outcomes in suicide attempters (e.g., Eldar & Niv, 2014 61 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decision-Making Competence and Attempted Suicide

Szántó¹,

Bruin²,

Parker³

et al. 2015

J. Clin. Psychiatry

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Objective The propensity of people vulnerable to suicide to make poor life decisions is increasingly well documented. Do they display an extreme degree of decision biases? The present study used a behavioral decision approach to examine the susceptibility of low-lethality and high-lethality suicide attempters to common decision biases, which may ultimately obscure alternative solutions and deterrents to suicide in a crisis. Method We assessed older and middle-aged individuals who made high-lethality (medically serious; N=31) and low-lethality suicide attempts (N=29). Comparison groups included suicide ideators (N=30), non-suicidal depressed (N=53), and psychiatrically healthy participants (N=28). Attempters, ideators, and non-suicidal depressed participants had unipolar non-psychotic major depression. Decision biases included sunk cost (inability to abort an action for which costs are irrecoverable), framing (responding to superficial features of how a problem is presented), under/overconfidence (appropriateness of confidence in knowledge), and inconsistent risk perception. Data were collected between June of 2010 and February of 2014. Results Both high- and low-lethality attempters were more susceptible to framing effects, as compared to the other groups included in this study (p≤ 0.05, ηp2 =.06). In contrast, low-lethality attempters were more susceptible to sunk costs than both the comparison groups and high-lethality attempters (p≤ 0.01, ηp2 =.09). These group differences remained after accounting for age, global cognitive performance, and impulsive traits. Premorbid IQ partially explained group differences in framing effects. Conclusion Suicide attempters’ failure to resist framing may reflect their inability to consider a decision from an objective standpoint in a crisis. Low-lethality attempters’ failure to resist sunk-cost may reflect their tendency to confuse past and future costs of their behavior, lowering their threshold for acting on suicidal thoughts.

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Interaction between emotional state and learning underlies mood instability

Cited by 177 publications

References 60 publications

A specific role for serotonin in overcoming effort cost

A specific role for serotonin in overcoming effort cost

Social anxiety is characterized by biased learning about performance and the self.

Decision-Making Competence and Attempted Suicide

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