Interaction between Licking and Swallowing in the Drinking Rat

Weijnen, J.A.W.M.; Wouters, J.; Hest, J.M.H.H. van

doi:10.1159/000118857

Cited by 41 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…We corrected the volume of ethanol or water consumed during a session for spillage by subtracting 0.1ml from the final measure, consistent with the amount of liquid that spills during handling of the sipper bottles (personal observation). This calculation resulted in an approximate 4.89 μl consumed per lick, with this volume in good agreement with previous studies demonstrating rats consume liquids in the range of 4–8 μl/lick [44]. This volume/lick multiplied by the number of licks within each hour was then used to determine the grams/kilogram ethanol/hour for each animal.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 81%

Microstructural analysis of rat ethanol and water drinking patterns using a modified operant self-administration model

Robinson

McCool

2015

Physiology & Behavior

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Background Ethanol drinking pattern has emerged as an important factor in the development, maintenance, and health consequences of alcohol use disorders in humans. The goal of these studies was to further our understanding of this important factor through refinement of an operant rodent model of ethanol consumption capable of drinking pattern microstructural analysis. We evaluated measures of total consumption, appetitive behavior, and drinking microstructure for ethanol and water at baseline and assessed alterations induced by two treatments previously shown to significantly alter gross ethanol appetitive and consummatory behaviors in opposing directions. Methods Male Long Evans rats were trained on an FR1 operant paradigm which allowed for continuous liquid access until an 8 second pause in consumption resulted in termination of liquid access. Total appetitive and consummatory behaviors were assessed in addition to microstructural drinking pattern for both ethanol and water during a five day baseline drinking period, after chronic intermittent ethanol vapor exposure, and following administration of a cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716a. Results As in previous operant studies, ethanol vapor exposure resulted in increases in ethanol-directed responding, total consumption, and rate of intake. Further, striking differential alterations to ethanol and water bout size, duration, and lick pattern occurred consistent with alterations in hedonic evaluation. Vapor additionally specifically reduced the number of ethanol-directed lever presses which did not result in subsequent consumption. SR141716a administration reversed many of these effects. Conclusions The addition of microstructural analysis to operant self-administration by rodents provides a powerful and translational tool for the detection of specific alterations in ethanol drinking pattern which may enable insights into neural mechanisms underlying specific components of drug consumption.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 81%

Microstructural analysis of rat ethanol and water drinking patterns using a modified operant self-administration model

Robinson

McCool

2015

Physiology & Behavior

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“…This corresponds to a frequency of 6 -7/s, consistent with previous reports of intraorally evoked (17,59) or appetitive licking (10,21,65,69). The mean IGI for QHCl-elicited gaping was 0.30 s. Electrically elicited gaping had a slightly shorter mean IGI, 0.25 s, but this difference only approached significance (T ϭ Ϫ2.302 7 , P ϭ 0.055).…”

Section: Electrical Vs Fluid Stimulationsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Although there were no significant differences between medial and lateral placements for latency to lick (C), lateral sites displayed longer licking bouts at 24.3 s (D). ited by electrical stimulation had frequency characteristics identical to those in response to intraoral infusions of tastants or water (17,59) and to drinking from a sipper spout (10,21,65,69). QHCl-elicited and electrically evoked gapes were characterized by lower-frequency (3-to 4-Hz), triangular, wide-mouthed movements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Licking and gaping elicited by microstimulation of the nucleus of the solitary tract

Kinzeler¹,

Travers²

2008

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Intraoral infusions of bitter tastants activate expression of the immediate-early gene c-Fos in neurons located in the medial third of the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST). The distribution of these neurons is distinct from that activated by sour or sweet stimuli. Bitter stimuli are also distinctive because of their potency for eliciting gaping, an oral reflex that functions to actively reject potentially toxic substances. Glossopharyngeal nerve transection profoundly reduces, whereas decerebration spares, the bitter-evoked Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) pattern and gaping, implicating the medial rNST as a substrate for the sensory limb of oral rejection. The present experiment tested this hypothesis using microstimulation (100 Hz, 0.2 ms, 5-40 microA) to activate the rNST in awake rats. NST microstimulation elicited licking and gaping, and gaping was evoked from a restricted rNST region. The results indicated some topographic organization in sites effective for evoking gaping, but, in direct conflict with the hypothesis, lateral sites farther from bitter-evoked FLI were more effective than medial sites centered closer to FLI-expressing neurons. The gape-effective sites resemble locations of bitter-responsive neurons recently observed in neurophysiological recordings. These results indicate that bitter-responsive rNST neurons critical for triggering gaping may not express FLI and imply an alternate function for bitter-responsive neurons that do.

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“…Behavioral studies have shown that rats swallow water during licking without stopping to lick [132]. The water accumulating in the mouth is swallowed every 6–8 licks.…”

Section: The Coordination Of Rhythmic Orofacial Movements: a Proposedmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Roles of the Olivocerebellar Pathway in Motor Learning and Motor Control. A Consensus Paper

et al. 2016

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For many decades the predominant view in the cerebellar field has been that the olivocerebellar system's primary function is to induce plasticity in the cerebellar cortex, specifically, at the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse. However, it has also long been proposed that the olivocerebellar system participates directly in motor control by helping to shape ongoing motor commands being issued by the cerebellum. Evidence consistent with both hypotheses exists; however, they are often investigated as mutually exclusive alternatives. In contrast, here we take the perspective that the olivocerebellar system can contribute to both the motor learning and motor control functions of the cerebellum, and might also play a role in development. We then consider the potential problems and benefits of its having multiple functions. Moreover, we discuss how its distinctive characteristics (e.g., low firing rates, synchronization, variable complex spike waveform) make it more or less suitable for one or the other of these functions, and why its having a dual role makes sense from an evolutionary perspective. We did not attempt to reach a consensus on the specific role(s) the olivocerebellar system plays in different types of movements, as that will ultimately be determined experimentally; however, collectively, the various contributions highlight the flexibility of the olivocerebellar system, and thereby suggest it has the potential to act in both the motor learning and motor control functions of the cerebellum.

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Interaction between Licking and Swallowing in the Drinking Rat

Cited by 41 publications

References 13 publications

Microstructural analysis of rat ethanol and water drinking patterns using a modified operant self-administration model

Microstructural analysis of rat ethanol and water drinking patterns using a modified operant self-administration model

Licking and gaping elicited by microstimulation of the nucleus of the solitary tract

The Roles of the Olivocerebellar Pathway in Motor Learning and Motor Control. A Consensus Paper

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