Interaction genotype by season and its influence on the identification of beans with high content of zinc and iron

Abstract

The mineral contents in common bean seeds are influenced, in addition to genetic variation, by environmental crop conditions, especially by the soil type and chemical composition and by the genotype x environment interaction. This study was carried out to verify if the zinc and iron contents are affected by the crop growing period. Ten lines with high iron and zinc contents and ten with low contents were assessed in three seasons: "wet season" of 2009/2010 (sowing in November); "dry season" of 2010 (sowing in February) and "winter season" of 2010 (sowing in July), in Lavras, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with three replications and plots consisting of two rows of two meters, with a spacing of 0.50 m. The seeds harvested were assessed in regard to iron and zinc mineral contents. The greatest contents were observed in the winter season and the smallest ones in the dry season, with sowing in February. It was observed that in the mean of the three harvests, the lines classified as having high iron and zinc content exhibited an iron quantity 11.0% and a zinc quantity 6.8% above those of low content. The lines by seasons interaction occurs. However, its interference in identification of the groups with high and low content of the two nutrients is not great.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L.; nutritional quality; seasonality.Interação genótipos x ambiente e sua influência na identificação de linhagens de feijão comum com alto teor de zinco e ferro Resumo Os teores de minerais nas sementes de feijão comum são influenciados, além da variação genética, pelas condições ambientais de cultivo, especialmente pelo tipo e pela composição química do solo e pela interação genótipos x ambientes. Assim, este trabalho foi realizado para verificar se os teores de zinco e ferro são afetados pela safra de cultivo. Dez linhagens com teores elevados de ferro e zinco e dez com baixos teores foram avaliadas durante três safras: "águas" de 2009/2010 (semeadura em novembro); "seca" de 2010 (semeadura em fevereiro) e "inverno" de 2010 (semeadura em julho), em Lavras (MG). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições e parcelas constituídas de duas linhas de dois metros, espaçadas de 0,50 m. As sementes colhidas foram avaliadas quanto aos teores dos minerais, ferro e zinco. Os maiores teores de ferro e zinco foram observados na safra do inverno e os menores na safra da seca, semeadura em fevereiro. Observou-se que, na média das três safras, as linhagens classificadas como de alto teor de ferro e zinco, tiveram quantidade de ferro 11,0% e de zinco 6,8% acima das de baixo teor. A interação linhagens x safras ocorre, porém, sua interferência não é grande na identificação dos grupos com alto e baixo teor dos dois nutrientes.Palavras-chave: Phaseolus vulgaris L.; qualidade nutricional; ambiente de cultivo.

Effect of Soil Moisture Regimes on Seed Iron and Zinc Concentration of Biofortified Bean Genotypes against Malnutrition in Sud-Kivu Highlands

“…The major effect of excess of moisture on plants is the alteration of the hormonal balance and dry matter concentration and inhibition of photosynthesis and micronutrient uptake (Nunez-Elisea et al, 1999;Pezeshki, 2001;Dat et al, 2004;Kreuzwieser et al, 2004) confirming the decrease of our four genotypes of the micronutrient content of Iron upstream [CODMLB001 (81 > < 40.5 mg/g); RWR2245 (52 > < 42.5 mg/g); HM21-7 (62 > < 40.7 mg/g) and RWK10 (55 > < 37.9 mg/g)] and of Zinc content downstream [CODMLB001 (34 > < 13 mg/g); RWR2245 (34 > < 16 mg/g); HM21-7 (33 > < 18 mg/g) and RWK10 (35 > < 11 mg/g)] during the two experimental seasons. Besides, it confirms the results of Pfeiffer and McClafferty's (2007) work, as well as that of Silva et al (2012) attesting that biofortified bean's contents in Iron and Zinc is not only genotypical, but like any quantitative character, it is also influenced by environmental factors (agronomic, climatic and edaphic) and G×E interactions such as differential genotype responses to agronomic, climatic and edaphic factors.…”

“…Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the oldest world cultures preferentially consumed in the human diet due to its gastronomic (Broughton et al, 2002;Beebe, 2010;Silva et al, 2012;Casinga et al, 2016aCasinga et al, , 2016b, culinary (Dinste, 2012;Garden-Robinson & McNeal, 2013) and socio-cultural (Dinste, 2012) specificities. Although faced with several environmental constraints throughout its vital life cycle, it is cultivated in more than 20 countries in Southern, Central and Eastern Africa owing to its adaptability to several ecological niches and so occupies more than four million hectares (Broughton et al, 2002;Hacisalihoglu et al, 2005;Yasar et al, 2008;Casinga et al, 2016a).…”

Genetic control of iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds

“…This can be attributed to the lower average minimum and maximum temperatures and the lower amount of precipitation during the pod-filling to maturity stages of the plants in the dry season, resulting in a lower accumulation of iron in the seeds. Lower translocation of iron to common bean seeds was also reported by Silva et al (2012) in bean lines grown in the dry season, with sowing in February, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, when rainfall rates were low.…”

<b>Genetic parameters of iron and zinc concentrations in Andean common bean seeds

“…For the iron concentration in seeds, the P 1 × P 2 contrast was not significant for any of the hybrid combinations, indicating no genetic variability between the parents, in contrast with the observations of Ribeiro et al (2014a) for the IAC Boreal, Light Red Kidney and Ouro Branco cultivars. In this case, the differences in the soil pH, soil iron content and amount of precipitation during the growing season explain the variation that was observed in the iron concentrations of common bean seeds (Moraghan, Padilha, Etchevers, Grafton, & Acosta-Gallegos, 2002;Silva, Abreu, Ramalho, & Corrêa, 2012b;Petry, Boy, Wirth, & Hurrell, 2015;Possobom et al, 2015). Because the parents that were used in the controlled crosses were contrasting regarding the zinc concentration in their seeds, it was possible to obtain recombinants with genetic variability, with zinc concentrations ranging from 10.73 to 37.50 mg kg -1 DM ( Figure 1C and D).…”