Interaction of Alcohol Use and Specific Types of Smoking on the Development of Oral Cancer

Abstract

Background:Oral cancer is one of the most common life threatening diseases all over the world, in particular in Asian countries, and tobacco and alcohol are considered to be the most potent risk factors for oral cancer.Objectives:The aim of this study was to examine the combined effect of smoking types and alcohol consumption on the development of oral cancer.Patients and Methods:A case-control study of 350 cases and 350 controls over a period of 19 months in the time period between February 2005 and September 2006 was carried out in Pune, India. The self-reported information about their consumption of alcohol and smoking behaviors was collected by structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed by SPSS software package. Risk analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression, which provides results in the form of crude odd ratios.Results:The smoking as well as alcohol drinking rates in the subjects of the case group were significantly higher than the controls. Of smoking types, bidi (a hand rolled cigarette) (OR = 4.1, 95% CI = 2.4-6.9), and among alcohol types, hard liquor (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1. 4-6.4), country liquor (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.3-3.6) and beer (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2-5.0), showed a strong association with oral cancer. A significant interaction effect was found between alcohol consumption and bidi smoking (OR = 19.6, 95% CI = 4.6-83.5) followed by alcohol and non-filtered cigarette (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.8-12.0) as well as filtered-cigarette (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.1-5.0).Conclusions:We conclude that oral cancer is etiologically related to the interaction between smoking and drinking.

Multi‐ethnic variations in the practice of oral cancer risk habits in a developing country

“…The synergistic effect of combined risk habits has been demonstrated by numerous studies (Kadashetti et al, ; Lin et al, ; Madani et al, ) and has been shown to account for more than two‐thirds of oral cancers in South‐East Asia (Petti, Masood, & Scully, ). Similarly, this current study found that the odds for developing oral cancer were higher among those practicing multiple habits as compared to those practicing single habit.…”

Lifestyle and dental attendance as predictors of oral health‐related quality of life

“…In the present study, poor health‐related behaviors correlated significantly with OHIP‐14 scores. This is not surprising given the evidence in the literature that both tobacco and alcohol contribute to oral/dental problems, such as dental caries (Benedetti et al , ), tooth loss (Agbor et al , ), staining of teeth, more dental restorations, periodontal disease (Bergstrom, ,b; Tezal et al , ; Cesar Neto et al , ; Polk et al , ), dental implant failures, reduced sense of taste and smell as well as affecting conditions such as smoker's melanosis, smoker's palate, coated tongue, oral candidosis, and precancerous and cancerous lesions (Reibel, ; Warnakulasuriya et al , ; Agnihotri and Gaur, ; Madani et al , ; Medina‐Solis et al , ). Moreover, alcohol consumption and tobacco use are synergistic in their negative effects on the mouth (Maida et al , ).…”

“…This is the basis of the common risk factor approach maintaining that changing a small number of risk factors can have a positive impact upon a large number of diseases (Sheiham and Watt, ). Indeed, physical activity, tobacco, and alcohol use are major risk factors to many chronic diseases (Ezzati and Riboli, ; Bauer et al , ; Kontis et al , ) and may also be linked to oral health (Reibel, ; Bergstrom, ; Tezal et al , ; Petersen et al , ; Benedetti et al , ; Agnihotri and Gaur, ; Madani et al , ; Medina‐Solis et al , ; Reichert et al , ). Therefore, healthy lifestyles are fundamental to public health (Petersen et al , ).…”

Racial disparities in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue among women: A SEER data analysis

“…Residential settings were categorized using the 2003 Rural-Urban Continuum Codes developed by the United States Department of Agriculture. Rural-Urban Continuum Codes are a classification tool used to distinguish metropolitan counties based on population size and nonmetropolitan (small town urban and rural) counties by adjacency to metro areas and degree of urbanization [17,18]. Cases were grouped according to county RUCC values 1-3, 4-6, and 7-9 for metropolitan, urban and rural settings respectively.…”

“…These studies however often included OTC together with cancers originating in the base of tongue and the tonsils, which represent a very different group of malignancies with respect to both etiology and prognosis. Several studies have examined possible ruralurban disparities and stage at diagnosis, but the findings have been mixed [13,[15][16][17]. With these knowledge gaps in mind, the objective of the current study was to analyze the 1973-2010 SEER data to explore trends in OTC rates among women and to examine demographic and ethnic background characteristics as determinants of survival in this patient population.…”