Interaction of Azospirillum spp. with Microalgae: A Basic Eukaryotic–Prokaryotic Model and Its Biotechnological Applications

de‐Bashan, Luz E.; Hernández, Juan-Pablo; Bashan, Yoav

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06542-7_20

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…As has been observed previously (de- Bashan and Bashan 2008;de-Bashan et al, 2015), the presence of A. brasilense as a bacterial partner significantly enhanced the growth of the microalgae (growth rate at 7 days (μ) = 0.16 for C. sorokiniana alone and 0.34 for C. sorokiniana immobilized with A. brasilense). To document the transfer of C and N from the bacteria to the algae, we immobilized and incubated enriched ( 13 C and 15 N) A. brasilense cells for four days with unenriched C. sorokiniana cells and subsequently analyzed the isotopic composition of both bacteria and algae, including cells physically attached to one another.…”

Section: Transfer Of Carbon and Nitrogen Compounds Between A Brasilesupporting

confidence: 78%

Establishment of stable synthetic mutualism without co-evolution between microalgae and bacteria demonstrated by mutual transfer of metabolites (NanoSIMS isotopic imaging) and persistent physical association (Fluorescent in situ hybridization)

et al. 2016

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The demonstration of a mutualistic interaction requires evidence of benefits for both partners as well as stability of the association over multiple generations. A synthetic mutualism between the freshwater microalga Chlorella sorokiniana and the soil-derived plant growthpromoting bacterium (PGPB) Azospirillum brasilense was created when both microorganisms were co-immobilized in alginate beads. Using stable isotope enrichment experiments followed by high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging of single cells, we demonstrated transfer of carbon and nitrogen compounds between the two partners. Further, using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), mechanical disruption and scanning electron microscopy, we demonstrated the stability of their physical association for a period of 10 days after the aggregated cells were released from the beads. The bacteria significantly enhanced the growth of the microalgae while the microalgae supported growth of the bacteria in a medium where it could not otherwise grow. We propose that this microalga-bacterium association is a true synthetic mutualism independent of co-evolution.

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Section: Transfer Of Carbon and Nitrogen Compounds Between A Brasilesupporting

confidence: 78%

Establishment of stable synthetic mutualism without co-evolution between microalgae and bacteria demonstrated by mutual transfer of metabolites (NanoSIMS isotopic imaging) and persistent physical association (Fluorescent in situ hybridization)

et al. 2016

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Section: Protein Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two main factors affecting protein content in co-culturing are the production of growth promoters and the biological nitrogen fixation from A. brasilense [26]. Based on growth promoters produced by A. brasilense it is known that during co-culturing with Chlorella sorokiniana, the microalgae provides tryptophan and thiamine to bacteria in exchange for IAA [55].…”

Section: Protein Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…as a MGPB in enhancing growth, biomass production and nutrient removal in immobilized co-culturing with Chlorella sp. for simultaneous wastewater treatment and biomass production [22][23][24][25][26]. Synechococcus elongatus is one of the cyanobacteria species co-cultured with Azospirillum using immobilized cultures, which enhanced growth of the microalgae due the present of the bacteria [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Symbiotic Co-Culture of Scenedesmus sp. and Azospirillum brasilense on N-Deficient Media with Biomass Production for Biofuels

et al. 2019

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The treatment of nitrogen-deficient agriculture wastewater, arising from the vegetable and fruit processing, is a significant problem that limits the efficiency of its biological treatment. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the symbiotic co-culture of Azospirillum brasilense and Scenedesmus sp., under two nitrogen levels (8.23 mg L−1 and 41.17 mg L−1) and mixing systems (aeration and magnetic stirring), aiming to simultaneously use the N-deficient media for their growth while producing biomass for biofuels. Microalgae growth and biomass composition, in terms of protein, carbohydrate and fatty acid contents, were evaluated at the end of the exponential growth phase (15 days after inoculation). Results show that the symbiotic co-culture of microalgae-bacteria can be effectively performed on nitrogen-deficient media and has the potential to enhance microalgae colony size and the fatty acid content of biomass for biofuels. The highest biomass concentration (103 ± 2 mg·L−1) was obtained under aeration, with low nitrogen concentration, in the presence of A. brasilense. In particular, aeration contributed to, on average, a higher fatty acid content (48 ± 7% dry weight (DW)) and higher colony size (164 ± 21 µm2) than mechanical stirring (with 39 ± 2% DW and 134 ± 21 µm2, respectively) because aeration contribute to better mass transfer of gases in the culture. Also, co-culturing contributed in average, to higher colony size (155 ± 21 µm2) than without A. brasilense (143 ± 21 µm2). Moreover, using nitrogen deficient wastewater as the culture media can contribute to decrease nitrogen and energy inputs. Additionally, A. brasilense is approved and already extensively used in agriculture and wastewater treatment, without known environmental or health issues, simplifying the biomass processing for the desired application.

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“…To test our hypothesis, we developed an in vitro system in which the microorganisms were cultured separately (without physical contact, and allowing only the exchange of volatiles). We measured microalgal growth and three major metabolic products (carbohydrates, lipids, and chlorophyll a ), which have previously been shown to be enhanced by these PGPB when attached to the microalgae 43 . This investigation was intended to determine whether it is possible to promote the growth of microalgae from bacterial volatiles and, if so, whether this approach could be a tool for biotechnological applications of microalgae.…”

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confidence: 99%

Enhanced performance of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana remotely induced by the plant growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus

Amavizca¹,

Bashan

Ryu

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Remote effects (occurring without physical contact) of two plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB)Azospirillum brasilense Cd and Bacilus pumilus ES4 on growth of the green microalga Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 2714 were studied. The two PGPB remotely enhanced the growth of the microalga, up to six-fold, and its cell volume by about three-fold. In addition to phenotypic changes, both bacteria remotely induced increases in the amounts of total lipids, total carbohydrates, and chlorophyll a in the cells of the microalga, indicating an alteration of the microalga's physiology. The two bacteria produced large amounts of volatile compounds, including CO 2 , and the known plant growth-promoting volatile 2,3-butanediol and acetoin. Several other volatiles having biological functions in other organisms, as well as numerous volatile compounds with undefined biological roles, were detected. Together, these bacteria-derived volatiles can positively affect growth and metabolic parameters in green microalgae without physical attachment of the bacteria to the microalgae. This is a new paradigm on how PGPB promote growth of microalgae which may serve to improve performance of Chlorella spp. for biotechnological applications.In vitro culturing at laboratory or mass industrial scales is the most common way by which the biotechnological industry is producing products from microalgae 1,2 and inoculants of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) for agricultural and environmental applications 3 . The current paradigm of how PGPB enhance plant growth is through attachment of the bacteria to plant roots. PGPB first establish a stable physical interaction with its host and subsequently colonize the root system, which results in beneficial effects on plants 4,5 When the PGPB move toward its host before attachment, the chances of successful colonization improve 6 . In the absence of attachment and colonization to plant surface, no effect of PGPB on higher plants are recorded 7 . Attachment of the PGPB Azospirillum spp. to roots of many plant species has been demonstrated since the emergence of the field some 40 years ago 4,[8][9][10][11][12] . A. brasilense has also been observed to attach to, and form stable aggregates with, the microalga Chlorella vulgaris 13 . Similar interactions have also been proposed for Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus spp.14 . While attachment to roots has been documented as the major requirement for a beneficial association of PGPB with plants 7 , it is also well documented that the PGPB

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Interaction of Azospirillum spp. with Microalgae: A Basic Eukaryotic–Prokaryotic Model and Its Biotechnological Applications

Cited by 11 publications

References 60 publications

Establishment of stable synthetic mutualism without co-evolution between microalgae and bacteria demonstrated by mutual transfer of metabolites (NanoSIMS isotopic imaging) and persistent physical association (Fluorescent in situ hybridization)

Establishment of stable synthetic mutualism without co-evolution between microalgae and bacteria demonstrated by mutual transfer of metabolites (NanoSIMS isotopic imaging) and persistent physical association (Fluorescent in situ hybridization)

Symbiotic Co-Culture of Scenedesmus sp. and Azospirillum brasilense on N-Deficient Media with Biomass Production for Biofuels

Enhanced performance of the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana remotely induced by the plant growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus

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