Interaction of Bisphenol A with G Protein: Coupled Receptors - New Paradigms in Breast Cancer

Abstract

The massive use of bisphenols, actually bisphenol A, in consumer products and food packaging has been associated with certain hazardous conditions for human health, which include their interactions with a family of specific membrane receptors and their effects as endocrine disruptors related to breast cancer. For this reason, bisphenol A was removed from many products, but it has been replaced by structural analogs whose pathways of action and metabolic effects are so far partially unknown. This chapter emphasizes the discovery of bisphenols, their uses in human life, and their impact on health population by focusing on breast cancer. Regarding their mechanisms of action, we have focused on the signaling routes activated by bisphenols following their binding to G protein–coupled receptors.

Bisphenols and Their Interaction with GPER-1: The Invisible Enemy Behind Breast Cancer and Its Societal Impact

“…In fact, BPA is widely present in the environment, with one of its main sources being the containers used to store water and food. As a result, the main route of exposure to BPA is through ingestion [11,43], although the possibility of dermal absorption and even inhalation has also been observed [44]. In this regard, the oral bioaccessibility of polyethylene microplastics in humans has recently been investigated, finding that phthalates and BPA show the highest fractions of gastric and intestinal bioaccessibility [11].…”

“…Due to these adverse effects, BPA analogs have been introduced to the market, generating products called "BPA-free", such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) [17,55]. However, most of these compounds exhibit variable estrogenic activity, although generally of lower biological potency than BPA [44,61].…”

“…While a significant part of the research has focused on the effects of bisphenols on ERα, the interaction between bisphenols and the GPER-1 receptor is an emerging research topic that has attracted increasing interest in the field of breast cancer [44,46].…”

“…Among them, bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most common. Currently, bisphenols can be found in a wide range of products, such as food and beverage containers, reusable water bottles, toys, electronic devices, and food can linings, among others [2,3].…”