Interaction of cyclic ageing at high-rate and low temperatures and safety in lithium-ion batteries

Fleischhammer, Meike; Waldmann, Thomas; Bisle, Gunther; Hogg, Björn-Ingo; Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens, Margret

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.135

Cited by 276 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…11,12,14,36,37 An effect of mossy Li deposited on graphite anodes on ARC results was later confirmed by Winter's group with other cells, although the effect was much weaker in their case.…”

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confidence: 75%

“…11,12,14,36,37 An effect of mossy Li deposited on graphite anodes on ARC results was later confirmed by Winter's group with other cells, although the effect was much weaker in their case. 12 In this context, our study has two major goals: On one hand, we determine the main aging mechanisms for different cycling conditions by electrochemical tests and Post-Mortem analysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 75%

“…z E-mail: thomas.waldmann@zsw-bw.de However, there is still a dearth of knowledge on the effect of aging mechanisms on the safety properties of Li-ion cells. Especially, the dendritic growth of Li deposition on graphite anodes is often discussed in terms of internal short circuits that can lead to thermal runaway.31-35 Furthermore, we have recently reported about strong effects of Li plating on the safety behavior in accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) tests.11,14 For example, Li plating in commercial cells can significantly decrease the onset of self-heating (T SH ) to only 35• C, 11,14 whereas it is typically above 75• C for fully charged fresh state-ofthe-art cells. 11,12,14,36,37 An effect of mossy Li deposited on graphite anodes on ARC results was later confirmed by Winter's group with other cells, although the effect was much weaker in their case.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[31][32][33][34][35] Furthermore, we have recently reported about strong effects of Li plating on the safety behavior in accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) tests. 11,14 For example, Li plating in commercial cells can significantly decrease the onset of self-heating (T SH ) to only 35…”

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confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Li-ion cells are used in a variety of mobile and stationary applications. Their use must be safe under all conditions, even for aged cells in second-life applications. In the present study, different aging mechanisms are taken into account for accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) tests. 18650-type cells are cycled at 0 • C (Li plating expected) and at 45 • C (SEI growth expected). After extensive evaluation of the electrochemical results (voltage curve analysis, capacity fade, energy fade, Coulombic efficiency), the cells are tested by PostMortem analysis (CT, GD-OES, SEM) to reveal the main aging mechanisms and by ARC to test the safety behavior. Besides typical ARC results such as onset-of-self-heating, onset-of-thermal runaway and maximum temperatures, as well as acoustic responses of thermal runaway are evaluated and a method is developed to compare fresh cells and cells aged until different SOHs. It turns out that the safety of aged cells is not simply a function of the SOH. However, safety is strongly affected by the main aging mechanism and to the history of operating parameters during the life-time of the cell. Driven by the demand for higher capacity, lower volume, and lower weight, Li-ion technology was developed in the 1980s.1,2 Nowadays, Li-ion technology is used for energy storage in a large variety of applications, e.g. smartphones, tablets, or drones. In particular, electric vehicles in combination with renewable energy sources are promising for reducing climate change and the corresponding glacier melting and sea level rise which is influenced by burning fossil fuels.3-6 For all applications, the safety behavior under all specified operating conditions is most important.7-9 The same is true for aged Li-ion cells used in second-life applications, for example cells which are utilized in stationary energy storage applications after their usage in electric cars.In the past, failure of Li-ion cells led to product recalls which are very expensive for the manufacturers and unsettle customers, even if such incidents happen only in very few cases (ppm range).10 At the moment, safety tests have to be performed with Li-ion prototypes cells before market release. In these tests, fresh cells are always used, however, aged cells are usually neglected. Even if fresh cells show an acceptable safety behavior, this can change for aged cells. 7,[11][12][13][14][15] While some authors observed decreases for certain safety properties, 7,11,12 others found improvements. 12,13,15 It is well known that aging mechanisms change the properties of the materials inside Li-ion cells. [16][17][18][19] Operating conditions and materials have a strong influence on these aging mechanisms. 12,[20][21][22][23] We recently reported on a change of the aging mechanism with temperature for cycling aging of commercial 18650-type cells with graphite anodes and NMC/LMO cathodes. 20 This mechanism change is expressed by a V-shape in Arrhenius plots of the capacity fade rates obtained from cycling at different ambient temperatures. 20 This c...

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“…11,12,14,36,37 An effect of mossy Li deposited on graphite anodes on ARC results was later confirmed by Winter's group with other cells, although the effect was much weaker in their case.…”

mentioning

confidence: 75%

mentioning

confidence: 75%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…This phenomena in combination to flammable solvents can produce an exothermic reaction, leading to a violent destruction of the cell during thermal runaway. 31 This represents a considerable safety risk for the battery. Sometimes, metallic lithium, although still active, can be electronically disconnected from the electrode and is thus unusable ("dead z E-mail: arnaud.delaille@cea.fr lithium").…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Biphenyl Polymerization on Lithium Deposition in Commercial Graphite/NMC Lithium-Ion Pouch-Cells during Calendar Aging at High Temperature

Matadi

Géniès

Delaille

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Metallic lithium deposition is a typical aging mechanism observed in lithium-ion cells at low temperature and/or at high charge rate. Lithium dendrite growth not only leads to strong capacity fading, it also causes safety concerns such as short-circuits in the cell. In applications such as electric vehicles, the use of lithium-ion batteries combines discharging, long rest time and charging phases. It is foremost a matter of lifetime and safety from the perspective of the consumer or the investor. This study presents the post-mortem analyses of commercial 16 Ah Graphite/NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt layered oxide) Li-ion pouch cells. The cells were degraded by calendar aging at high temperature with or without periodic capacity tests. Unexpected local depositions of metallic lithium were confirmed on graphite electrodes by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Biphenyl, a monomer additive present in the liquid electrolyte, generates gas during its polymerization reaction occurring at high temperature and at high state of charge. As a result, dry-out areas are present between the electrodes leading to high impedance regions and no charge transfer between the electrodes. It is at the border of these areas that lithium metal is deposited. Lithium-ion batteries have the particularity of addressing applications as diverse as mobile electronic devices, electric vehicles or stationary applications of renewable energy. The use of rechargeable electrochemical cells is first and foremost a question of autonomy, lifetime and safety.1-3 So it is necessary to further increase the current performance of lithium-ion batteries.Deposition of metallic lithium or "lithium plating" is one of the aging mechanisms that is limiting the lifetime of lithium-ion batteries. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] In the literature, it is reported that the mechanism of lithium deposition generally occurs during the charge at low temperatures and/or at high current-rates. The intercalation of lithium ions into the structure of the negative electrode is in competition with the deposition of metallic lithium on top of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI). The morphology of the negative electrode, the porosity, the conductivity of the electrolyte and the state of lithiation are parameters to be considered. 8 This aging mechanism depends on intrinsic criteria of the components of the cell (active material, electrodes and electrolyte composition [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] ) and extrinsic to the system (temperature and charging current).Contact between the deposited lithium and the electrolyte (above the surface of the SEI) leads to the oxidation of lithium to form species such as ROCO 2 Li, Li 2 CO 3 or LiF. 15 The deposited lithium becomes isolated and electrochemically inactive and cannot participate in the electrochemical process at the electrodes. The deposit can grow in height from graphite particles and form dendrites which can pass through the separator and cause short circuit. This phenomena in combinatio...

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Waste Prevention for Energy Storage Devices Based on Second‐Life Use of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Pohl

Collis

Mahon

et al. 2023

Sustainable Energy Storage in the Scope of Circular Economy

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Interaction of cyclic ageing at high-rate and low temperatures and safety in lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 276 publications

References 28 publications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Effects of Biphenyl Polymerization on Lithium Deposition in Commercial Graphite/NMC Lithium-Ion Pouch-Cells during Calendar Aging at High Temperature

Waste Prevention for Energy Storage Devices Based on Second‐Life Use of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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