Interaction of Photoperiod and Vernalization Determines Flowering Time of <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i>

Ream, Thomas S.; Woods, Daniel P.; Schwartz, Christopher; Sanabria, Claudia P.; Mahoy, Jill A.; Walters, Eric M.; Kaeppler, Heidi F.; Amasino, Richard M.

doi:10.1104/pp.113.232678

Cited by 119 publications

(298 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Single asterisks indicate P-values , 0.01, and two asterisks indicate P-values , 0.005. Primers for BdVRN1, BdVRN2, and BdFT were previously optimized by Ream et al (2014), and BdOS2 primers were optimized by Ruelens et al (2013). 2014), none of the nontransgenic or transgenic plants flowered after 160 d, consistent with previous findings that 8 h is a noninductive photoperiod data not shown). This is consistent with VRN2 acting as a repressor of flowering only under inductive long days.…”

Section: Reduction Of Bdvrn2 Expression Results In Rapid Flowering Ansupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Primer pairs used to clone each cDNA are listed in Supplemental Table S1. The UBI:VRN1 lines were previously published by Ream et al (2014).…”

Section: Generation Of Ubi:vrn2 Transgenic Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three technical replicates were used per biological replicate, and three biological replicates were used per two to three experimental replicates for a total of six to nine individual replicates per time point/ treatment. For B. distachyon, qRT-PCR for BdVRN1, BdVRN2, BdFT, and BdUBC18 followed Ream et al (2014) and for BdOS1, BdOS2, and BdMADS37 followed Ruelens et al (2013) with three biological replicates and two experimental replicates. BdFUL2 primers were optimized as described previously (Supplemental Table S1).…”

Section: Gene Expression Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…cDNA was synthesized using 0.5 mg of RNA in an iScript cDNA synthesis reaction (BioRad). RNA extraction from the upper leaves of B. distachyon wild-type and transgenic plants followed Ream et al (2014).…”

Section: Plant Growth and Flowering Time Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of VRN2/Ghd7-Like Genes in Vernalization-Mediated Repression of Grass Flowering

et al. 2016

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Flowering of many plant species is coordinated with seasonal environmental cues such as temperature and photoperiod. Vernalization provides competence to flower after prolonged cold exposure, and a vernalization requirement prevents flowering from occurring prior to winter. In winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), three genes VRN1, VRN2, and FT form a regulatory loop that regulates the initiation of flowering. Prior to cold exposure, VRN2 represses FT. During cold, VRN1 expression increases, resulting in the repression of VRN2, which in turn allows activation of FT during long days to induce flowering. Here, we test whether the circuitry of this regulatory loop is conserved across Pooideae, consistent with their niche transition from the tropics to the temperate zone. Our phylogenetic analyses of VRN2-like genes reveal a duplication event occurred before the diversification of the grasses that gave rise to a CO9 and VRN2/Ghd7 clade and support orthology between wheat/barley VRN2 and rice (Oryza sativa) Ghd7. Our Brachypodium distachyon VRN1 and VRN2 knockdown and overexpression experiments demonstrate functional conservation of grass VRN1 and VRN2 in the promotion and repression of flowering, respectively. However, expression analyses in a range of pooids demonstrate that the cold repression of VRN2 is unique to core Pooideae such as wheat and barley. Furthermore, VRN1 knockdown in B. distachyon demonstrates that the VRN1-mediated suppression of VRN2 is not conserved. Thus, the VRN1-VRN2 feature of the regulatory loop appears to have evolved late in the diversification of temperate grasses.The initiation of flowering is a major developmental transition in the plant life cycle. When flowering initiates, shoot apical meristems shift from forming vegetative organs such as leaves to forming flowers. In many plant species, flowering occurs at a particular time of year in response to the sensing of seasonal cues such as changes in day length and temperature. In some plants adapted to temperate climates, exposure to the prolonged cold of winter (vernalization) results in the ability to flower in the next growing season (Chouard, 1960;Amasino, 2010). Although vernalization ultimately enables flowering, vernalization responsiveness is typically an adaptation to ensure that flowering does not occur prematurely in the fall season. This has obvious adaptive value; for example, many vernalization-responsive plants become established in the fall season (during which flowering would not lead to successful reproduction) and then rapidly flower in the spring when conditions for reproduction and seed maturation are optimal.The grass family (Poaceae) originated approximately 70 million years ago as part of the tropical forest understory. However, grasses have since diversified across the globe occupying a variety of ecological niches (Kellogg, 2001). Exemplifying this, the ;3,800 species of grass subfamily Pooideae, including the economically important cereals wheat (Triticum aestivum, Triticeae), barley (...

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Section: Reduction Of Bdvrn2 Expression Results In Rapid Flowering Ansupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Primer pairs used to clone each cDNA are listed in Supplemental Table S1. The UBI:VRN1 lines were previously published by Ream et al (2014).…”

Section: Generation Of Ubi:vrn2 Transgenic Linesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gene Expression Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plant Growth and Flowering Time Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of VRN2/Ghd7-Like Genes in Vernalization-Mediated Repression of Grass Flowering

et al. 2016

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“…Growth and scoring of plants were done as described in Ream et al 2014. Growth chamber temperatures averaged 21°during the light period and 18°during the dark period.…”

Section: Plant Growth and Flowering Time Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PHYTOCHROME C Is an Essential Light Receptor for Photoperiodic Flowering in the Temperate Grass, Brachypodium distachyon

et al. 2014

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We show that in the temperate grass, Brachypodium distachyon, PHYTOCHROME C (PHYC), is necessary for photoperiodic flowering. In loss-of-function phyC mutants, flowering is extremely delayed in inductive photoperiods. PHYC was identified as the causative locus by utilizing a mapping by sequencing pipeline (Cloudmap) optimized for identification of induced mutations in Brachypodium. In phyC mutants the expression of Brachypodium homologs of key flowering time genes in the photoperiod pathway such as GIGANTEA (GI), PHOTOPERIOD 1 (PPD1/PRR37), CONSTANS (CO), and florigen/FT are greatly attenuated. PHYC also controls the day-length dependence of leaf size as the effect of day length on leaf size is abolished in phyC mutants. The control of genes upstream of florigen production by PHYC was likely to have been a key feature of the evolution of a long-day flowering response in temperate pooid grasses.

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Brachypodium and the Abiotic Environment

Marais

Juenger

2015

Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models

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Interaction of Photoperiod and Vernalization Determines Flowering Time of Brachypodium distachyon

Cited by 119 publications

References 88 publications

Evolution of VRN2/Ghd7-Like Genes in Vernalization-Mediated Repression of Grass Flowering

Evolution of VRN2/Ghd7-Like Genes in Vernalization-Mediated Repression of Grass Flowering

PHYTOCHROME C Is an Essential Light Receptor for Photoperiodic Flowering in the Temperate Grass, Brachypodium distachyon

Brachypodium and the Abiotic Environment

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