Biomaterial surface chemistry has profound consequences on cellular and host responses, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using self-assembled monolayers as model biomaterial surfaces presenting well defined chemistries, we demonstrate that surface chemistry modulates osteoblastic differentiation and matrix mineralization independently from alterations in cell proliferation. Surfaces were precoated with equal densities of fibronectin (FN), and surface chemistry modulated FN structure to alter integrin adhesion receptor binding. OH-and NH 2-terminated surfaces up-regulated osteoblast-specific gene expression, alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity, and matrix mineralization compared with surfaces presenting COOH and CH 3 groups. These surface chemistry-dependent differences in cell differentiation were controlled by binding of specific integrins to adsorbed FN. Function-perturbing antibodies against the central cell binding domain of FN completely inhibited matrix mineralization. Furthermore, blocking antibodies against 1 integrin inhibited matrix mineralization on the OH and NH 2 surfaces, whereas function-perturbing antibodies specific for 3 integrin increased mineralization on the COOH substrate. These results establish surface-dependent differences in integrin binding as a mechanism regulating differential cellular responses to biomaterial surfaces. This mechanism could be exploited to engineer materials that control integrin binding specificity to elicit desired cellular activities to enhance the integration of biomaterials and improve the performance of biotechnological culture supports.cell adhesion ͉ signaling ͉ osteoblast ͉ mineralization B iomaterial surface chemistry modulates in vitro and in vivo cellular responses, including adhesion, survival, cell cycle progression, and expression of differentiated phenotypes (1-8). These cell-material interactions regulate cell and host responses to implanted devices, biological integration of biomaterials and tissue-engineered constructs, and the performance of cell arrays and biotechnological cell culture supports (9-12). For instance, anionic and neutral hydrophilic surfaces increase macrophage͞ monocyte apoptosis and reduce macrophage fusion to modulate inflammatory responses to implanted materials (8). The effects of biomaterial surface properties on cellular responses are generally attributed to material-dependent differences in adsorbed protein species, concentration, and͞or biological activity. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms modulating these substrate-dependent, complex higher-order cellular activities remain poorly understood. This lack of a fundamental understanding of cell-material interactions hinders progress toward the development of synthetic materials that elicit desired cellular responses. Using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) presenting well defined chemistries as model biomaterial surfaces, we previously showed that surface chemistry modulates the structure and activity of adsorbed fibronectin (FN) (13)...