Interaction of solar and galactic cosmic-ray particles with the Moon

Reedy, R. C.; Arnold, J. R.

doi:10.1029/ja077i004p00537

Cited by 292 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“….it high enmgies, this rigidi!y power law was assumed to have the same intensity al)d shape as that ohscrved in the solar 2 Reedy and Arnold, 1972]. Only the GCR source spectrum exceeds the solar-proton production rates, because of its high fluxes at lower energies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nuclide production by primary cosmic‐ray protons

Reedy¹

1987

J. Geophys. Res.

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The production rates of cosmogenic nuclides in the solar system and in interstellar space were calculated for the primary protons in the galactic and solar cosmic rays. Only thin‐target production rates, which are directly applicable to small objects in space, were calculated; however, these results also are used to examine the relative variations in production rates that are possible for large objects. In small objects at 1 AU from the sun, the long‐term average fluxes of solar protons usually produce many more atoms of a cosmogenic nuclide than do the primary protons in the galactic cosmic rays (GCR)—the exceptions being nuclides made only by high‐energy reactions (such as 10Be). Because the particle fluxes inside meteorites and other large objects in space include many secondary neutrons, the production rates are much higher, and ratios inside large objects are often very different from those produced by just the primary GCR protons in small objects. The production rates of cosmogenic nuclides are calculated to vary by factors of about 2.5 between the extremes for a typical 11‐year solar cycle; this variation is in agreement with measurements of short‐lived radionuclides in recently fallen meteorites. The production of cosmogenic nuclides by GCR particles outside the heliosphere is higher by factors of ∼4 than that by the modulated GCR primaries normally in the solar system. However, there is considerable uncertainty about the fluxes of interstellar protons and, therefore, in the production rates of cosmogenic nuclides in interstellar space. Production rates and ratios for cosmogenic nuclides could be used to identify particles that were from small bodies in space or that were exposed to an unmodulated spectrum of GCR particles.

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confidence: 99%

Nuclide production by primary cosmic‐ray protons

Reedy¹

1987

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…the work of Reedy and Arnold (1972) did not result in a good fit to lunar samples. Hence, Born (1973) and Rao et al (1994) had to increase calculated production rates to fit their experimental data.…”

Section: Radiocarbon In Lunar Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, all fits gave a flux of 19 p/cm 2 /s for J (E>57MeV). The best fits were found for spectra with the model energy distribution used by Reedy and Arnold (1972). The best fit R 0 was that with the smallest standard deviation of the observed/calculated ratios of SCR activities using calculated SCR production rates for a wide range of Ro values.…”

Section: In a Lunar Rock Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Solar-cosmic-ray particles, >98% protons, with energies of tens to hundreds of MeV, have a range of ~1 cm in rocks. The SCR flux can be approximated (Reedy and Arnold 1972) as a distribution in rigidity units of the form…”

Section: Radiocarbon In Lunar Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Production of 14 C by GCR in extraterrestrial materials. Armstrong and Alsmiller (1971) and Reedy and Arnold (1972) developed models for calculation of the production of 14 C by cosmicray effects in the lunar surface. For a long time, models for the GCR production of 14 C, based on…”

Section: Radiocarbon In Lunar Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiocarbon Beyond this World

et al. 2000

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ABSTRACT. In this paper, we review the production of radiocarbon and other radionuclides in extraterrestrial materials. This radioactivity can be produced by the effects of solar and galactic cosmic rays on solid material in space. In addition, direct implantation at the lunar surface of 14 C and other radionuclides can occur. The level of 14 C and other radionuclides in a meteorite can be used to determine its residence time on the Earth's surface, or "terrestrial age". 14 C provides the best tool for estimating terrestrial ages of meteorites collected in desert environments. Age control allows us to understand the time constraints on processes by which meteorites are weathered, as well as mean storage times. Third, we discuss the use of the difference in 14 C/ 12 C ratio of organic material and carbonates produced on other planetary objects and terrestrial material. These differences can be used to assess the importance of distinguishing primary material formed on the parent body from secondary alteration of meteoritic material after it lands on the earth.

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Simulation of the production rates of cosmogenic nuclides on the Moon based on Geant4

Zhang

Dong

et al. 2017

JGR Space Physics

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A numerical simulation model is built to simulate the production of cosmogenic nuclides based on Geant4 (GEometry ANd Tracking). Some modifications have been made for cross sections in Geant4 using the experimental data or the other proper model and the contributions of all secondary particles caused by cosmic rays are included in our simulation model. Our simulation results suggest a substantial contribution of the secondary charged pions to the production rates of 10Be and 14C, as high as 21.04% for 10Be and 21.36% for 14C, respectively. Within one set of self‐consistent parameters, the simulation results of the production rates of the cosmogenic nuclides, 53Mn, 36Cl, 41Ca, 26Al, 10Be, and 14C, agree well with the measured data from Apollo 15 drill core. This model provides users a validated approach to study the production of cosmogenic nuclides on the planet surface and in the meteorites.

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Interaction of solar and galactic cosmic-ray particles with the Moon

Cited by 292 publications

References 23 publications

Nuclide production by primary cosmic‐ray protons

Nuclide production by primary cosmic‐ray protons

Radiocarbon Beyond this World

Simulation of the production rates of cosmogenic nuclides on the Moon based on Geant4

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