“…Usually, pyrethroids are used at levels that prevent acute poisoning, but these lower levels may stimulate chronic effects when exposure is prolonged or recurrent (Abou-Donia et al, 2001). Since the primary target for the insecticidal action of pyrethroids are insect voltage-gated sodium channels, it is generally believed that mammalian sodium channels are also the primary targets for toxicity in humans (Motomura and Narahashi, 2001;Soderlund and Lee, 2001;Spencer et al, 2001;Wang et al, 2001;de la Cerda et al, 2002). Other potential molecular targets for pyrethroids include chloride channels, ATPases, GABA receptors, glutamate receptors, acetylcholine receptors, and voltage-gated calcium channels (Hagiwara et al, 1988;Satoh, 1995;Forshaw et al, 2000;Soderlund et al, 2002;Kakko et al, 2003).…”